The bone turnover markers are composed of the metabolic products of bone matrix and bone cells.The changes of these markers in serum and/or urine represent the status of bone metabolism.To measure the level of these markers will offer important information for evaluating the diagnosis and the responses of therapy in metabolic bone diseases,and to predicat the risk of bone fracture.The biochemistry,measurement and clinical aplication will be introduced in this paper.

OBJECTIVE: To avoid the infection induced by the clinical application of total parenteral nutrition solution( TPN) . METHODS: The experience of quality control and etiological examination in the preparation and application of TPN for 62 patients in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: The key to reduce the incidence of infection in the preparation and application of TPN is to keep the infection source under control.

We have discussed the current medical professional ethic education status in china regarding international students coming to china,and analyzed the problem and the reason fo it.Combing with the practical experience of ourselves,we try to explore how to perfect the above-mentioned situation.

Objective To understand the present situation of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)on cyclosporine A(CsA) application in renal transplant recipients.Methods The clinical data of the first postoperative month of 50 renal transplant cases admitted to our hospital during May 2000 to March 2005 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Results Total 50 cases(male∶female= 3∶1) had accepted the trigeminy of CsA,prednisone and azamun.The average initial dose and average maintenance dose for the male were higher by 59.94 mg/d and 52.00 mg/d than that for the female(P

Objective To measure the changes of enamel diameter and depth after Er :YAG laser irradiation .Methods 80 enam-el samples were randomly divided into two supergroups according to irradiation time (10 s and 20 s) ,each supergroup was randomly divided into 5 groups according to different irradiation energy (0 .5W ,1 .0W ,1 .5W ,2 .0W and 2 .5W) ,separately underwent the Er :YAG laser irradiation with different time and different energy .Observed and measured the diameter and depth of each pit with a stereoscopic microscope after irradiation .Results After 10 seconds irradiation ,the differences of enamel diameter between illumi-nate power 0 .5W and 1 .0W ,0 .5W and 1 .5W ,0 .5W and 2 .0W ,0 .5W and 2 .5W were statistically significant(P<0 .05) ,the differences of enamel depth between two groups were statistically significant (P<0 .05) eliminating 1 .5W and 2 .0W .After 20 sec-onds irradiation ,the differences of enamel diameter between illuminate power 0 .5W and 1 .0W ,1 .0W and 2 .0W ,1 .0W and 2 .5W were statistically significant(P<0 .05) ,the differences of enamel depth were the same to 10 seconds irradiation .Conclusion The diameter and depth of enamel were changed under the irradiation of different time and energy ,which was helpful to clinical treat-ment of enamel caries .

0 05).Plasma ET in the active LN was significantly higher than that in the inactive LN and normal control group ( P

Objective Good culture sense of patient safety among the hospital staff is in close relation with the improvement of medical quality and patient safety .The article was to provide evidence for the culture management of patient safety and related stud -ies.Methods We searched the main databases Pub Med , Chinese Bio-medical Literature Database , CNKI, Wan-Fang database with the key word safety environment,safety culture,safety approach,evaluate,assessment,situation analysis,analy-sis. Results 50 literatures were collected.The assessment tools could be divided into self-made questionnaire (13, 26%), im-proved questionnaire (16, 32%), chineselized foreign questionnaire (21, 42%).The main researchers (84%) and study objects (66%) were nurses.48 (96%) investigation and descriptive study were about patient safety culture;only 2 documents made compari-son before and after the patient safety culture cultivation . Conclusion The research of patient safety culture in our country is rising currently, while the development of assessment tools is still at exploration stage .The width and depth of related research should be fur-ther broadened .

Objective To study the cognition of scientific research integrity and know status of scientific research standard of nurses who had research experience so as to provide some evidence for nursing research integrity management.Methods A total of 296 nurses whose working years was more than 5years and who had delivered scientific research papers in 13 Grade A hospitals from 7 cities were investigated by self-designed questionnaires.Results More than 64.0％ nurses showed not appropriate or inappro-priate for those irresponsible research behavior.64.5％ nurses did not agree with the researchers to referring the research object situation for others,97.0％ nurses believed the research achievement should be objective.While nurses did not know the research standards well:only 56.1％ nurses knew the standard of submitting manuscript,and 20.6％ nurses knew research data collection,preservation and usage.Conclusions It is necessary to enhance the management of nursing research integrity through education and propaganda of the research standards,improving the scientific management system,increasing the research support for nurse scientific so as to promote the nursing research integrity.

OBJECTIVE:To review the status quo and problems in the study of TCM formula granule.METHODS:Recent literature concerning the preparation technology and the normalization of quality criteria,etc.of TCM formula granule reported were reviewed and analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:TCM formula granule was of many merits such as safe and sani-tary,accurate in dosage measurement,portable etc.However,there are also some problems yet to be solved.

Purpose To discuss the main index of the colour ultrasonographic diagnosis of children's left Renal Vein Entrapment Sydrome(LRVES).Methods By colour ultrasonography,urine microscope examination and urine Ca/Cr ratio determination,eighty-two LRVES children were diagnosed and compared with forty healthy children.Observed at supine position whether narrow caused by pressure or the expanding phenomenon of LRV after being pressed,to examine the ratio of the abdominal aorta(AO) left internal diameter(a) to the front internal diameter(b) of LRV,by using CDFI,blood flow rate in the left lateral position of LRV was judged.Simultaneously,the angle(?) between superio mesentery artery(SMA) and AO was detected.Then standing upright for twenty minutes,and determined a/b ratio.Results In the LRVES group,the LRV blood vessels become narrower,a/b was over 3 at supine position,after standing upright for twenty minutes,a/b was over 4;and LRV blood flow rate becomes slower,? angle becomes smaller,compared with the healthy group,there was statistical significance.Conclusions The main indexes of the LRVES of ultrasonographic diagnosis is to observe the a/b ratio of LRV before and after being pressed (lying on the back and standing upright for twenty minutes) and to detecte the blood flow rate of LRV before pressure and judege the angle between SMA and AO.