Objective　To study the ultrastructure of macular pucker (MP) from the patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and the mechanism associated with its development．　Methods　Twenty specimens of MP surgically removed by vitrectomy from 13 patients were dissected into two layers in each of them．The ultrastructure of two layers,i,e,near the vitreous and near the retina,was studied with electron microscopy．　Results　Seven sections of the near vitreous ones appeared prodominant collagen deposits and a few of epithelial-like cells,and pigment particles might be present in the cytoplasm．While cells with foot processes were found in 13 membrane sections near the retina and increasing number of various types of cells rich in collagen around were observed including fibroblast-like cells and glial cells．　Conclusion　The findings suggest that the MP after surgery of retinal detachment may possess a characteristic lamination,and posterior hyaloid cortex was involved in the developmetn of MP．The adhesion between posterior hyaloid cortex and macular area might be a key factor for forming MP．

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects on health-related quality of life after short-segment pedicle fixation of thoracolumbar fractures without neurologic injury.

METHODSA total of 55 patients suffered from thoracolumbar fractures without neurological deficit from January 2007 to October 2010 were included in this retrospective study. Of the 55 patients, 35 were male and 20 were female. The mean age was (44.0±10.5) years old (ranged, 7 to 75). Preoperatively, the main clinical symptoms in patients were thoracolumbar pain without neurologic injury and the imaging findings mainly showed that the injured vertebra became wedging or flat with the loss of height. Three questionnaires (ODI, EQ-5D and SF-36) were applied to follow-up in this study.

RESULTSAll operations were successful and incisions got primary healing. The function of thoracolumbar spine fully or basiclly restored and postoperative imagings showed fractures healed without loose screws, broken screws or broken rods. The completion rates of all the queasionnaires were 100% while the mean follow-up period was 4.2 years (ranged, 3 to 6). The ODI scores were 25.8±18.7, which were statistically higher than those of the general population in our country (P<0.05). The EQ-5D index scores were 0.70, which were statistically lower than those of the normal Chinese population (P<0.05). Compared with the normal scores in our country, the scores of 8 items in the SF-36 questionnaire were obviously lower with significant difference (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONCompared with the normal Chinese population, it should be paid more attention to that the health-related quality of life in patients after short-segment pedicle fixation of thoracolumbar fractures without neurologic injury because of lower scores.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fractures ; psychology ; surgery ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; injuries ; surgery ; Young Adult

Objective To research the special manifestations of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP) in carcinoma of pancreatic head.Methods MRCP in 22 cases with pancreatic head carcinoma confirmed by operation and pathology (including SE sequences with T1WI and fat saturation,FSE with T2WI and fat saturation and MRCP in coronal sectior) were performed before operations.Additional CE MRA on abdominal vessels including abdominal ateries, portal veins and superior mesenteric arteries and their veins in 16 cases also examined before operations. Results Carcinomas of the pancreatic head were diagnosed correctly by MRCP in 21 cases, and 1 case was misdiagnosed as chronic pancreatitis. MRCP all demonstrated abrupt interruption at pancreatic head segments of dilated left common bile duct and main pancreatic duct at the pancreatic head ones, their left segments were dilate with higher signal and both didn't cross each other, because they were destroyed by carcinomas of pancreatic head. Destruction and no cross each other of pancreatic head segments of choledochus and main pancreas duct,it was called "no cross sign". CE MRA demonstrated destruction of abdominal ateries in 3 cases, portal vein in 3 cases and superior mesenteric vein in 4 cases and not being resected.Conclusion "No cross sign"on MRCP examination is of important value in diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreatic head.

0.05). The pathological findings indicated benign lesions in 63 patients(73%) and malignant lesions in 25 patients(27%)in group 1. All the lesions were found benign in group 2. There was significant difference between the two groups(P=0.0033). Conclusion Noninvasive and painless transvaginal two-dimensional ultrasonograpy and color Doppler ultrasonography may have important clinical application value in diagnosis of intrauterine anomaly in post-menopausal women.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for arterial and venous obstructive vascular di-seases. Raised plasma homocysteine concentrations are caused by genetic and non-genetic factors. The pathogenic mechanism is not clear. It may be associated with endothelium dysfunction, abnormal lipid metabolism, hypertrophy of intima media, increased platelet aggregation and several clotting factors interfered, etc. The metabolism and pathogenic mechanism of homocysteine are reviewed in this article, which provides theoretical foundation for the treatement of hyperhomocysteinemia.

Objective To compare biocompatibility and safety of six implantation prosthesis. Methods Subcutaneous implantation of crosslinked sodium hyaluronate prosthesis (CSHP), silica gel prosthesis(SGP), non crosslinked sodium hyalurorate prosthesis (NCSHP), carboxy methycel prosthesis (CMCP), hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel prosthesis (HPAGP), injectable hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel (IHPAG) was performed in 12 beagle dogs.Local reaction of surrounding tissues of the transplants were observed with HE and Van Gieson stains after the transplantation at 14, 30 and 90 days, 6 months, and 1 and 2 years. Results The most serious reaction was observed in NCSHP, CMCP and HPAGP, moderate reaction in CSHP and SGP and mild reaction in IHPAG. Van Gieson staining showed that collagenous fibrous capsule around implanted prosthesis was formed from 30 days to 2 years .The component and arrangment of the capsule were different among the defferent prosthesis, but changed with time. Shrinkage of the capsules was found in NCSHP, CMCP and HPAGP, and contraction occurred two years later. The capsules formed by CSHP and SGP had no contraction after two year implantation. IHPAG capsule was still soft and elastic after 2 years. Conclusions SGP is one of the best material for breast enlargement with a good biocompatobility and soft capsule. IHPAG is a new filling material with mild inflammatory reaction and thinner and softer capsule. CSHP should be improved further because its molding effect is not gratified. Both the biocompatibility and molding effect of NCSHP, CMCP and HPAGP are not gratified and further modification is needed.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the issue of medical institution's pharmaceuticals purchase by public bidding and so as to put forward some improvement measures.METHODS:The problem in the pharmaceuticals purchase by public bidding sys?tem was analyzed by the governmental management theory.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical purchase by public bidding system was far from perfect which were highlighted in the high cost of governmental management,over-burden of bidding factories,financial loses of medical institutions,and chaos of medicine pricing management.The governmental pricing system should be regulated,the medical reform systems should be speed up,and the efficiency of governmental man?agement should be improved.

0.05 ). Conclusions With low initial FGF addition of N2O does not affect the uptake of desflurane. The low-flow desflurane anesthesia is safe and economical.

Objective To investigate the ingestion, metabolism and subcellular localization of indocyanine green (ICG) in human retinal epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods RPE cells were incubated with 0.25 mg/ml ICG under the condition of 37℃ in the camera. The ICG granule and ultrastructure of RPE cells were observed under the electron microscopy after 1-, 4-, and 24-hour incubation, and the ICG autofluorescence was detected by fluorescence microscopy after the incubation for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. The absorbency (A value) of ICG solution was measured at 805 nm with ultraviolet/visible specrtrometer. The standard curve of concentration of ICG was drawn and the related equation of concentration of ICG and the A value was calculated. After being incubated for 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively, the A value of supernatant fluid was calculated according to the equation. After incubated with ICG for 24 hours, one sample was observed under electron microscope and fluorescence microscope per week to evaluate the metabolizable period of ICG. Results ICG granules were distributed evenly after entering the RPE cells. After incubated with 0.25 mg/ml ICG for 24 hours, no significant change of the ultrastructure of the RPE cells was found. ICG granules accumulated in the cells as the time goes by and reached the peak after 24 hours, and then they decreased because of the slowdown of the metabolism. Few ICG was still remained in the cells 1 week later. Conclusions RPE cells may take in ICG actively. ICG metabolizable period in RPE cells is long, which may be one of the mechanisms of the toxicity of ICG to the retina in the vitreous operation.

Objective:To explore effect of relevant training on understanding of theory of naive biology for plant reproduction in 5- and 6-years old,and to attempt to provide demonstration for a debate of different views between domain universality and domain specificity cognitive development.Methods:48 preschoolers who did not comprehend concept of plant reproduction screened from 64 preschoolers ages 5 to 6 were surveyed by clinical method.Half of the 48 children were assigned to intervention group,the other to control group.The effects of intervention were compared by the experimental before-after design.Results:Relevant biological knowledge might widely accelerate 5- and 6-year-olds' understandings for plant reproduction,and 6-year-olds had more enhancement than 5-year-olds.Pass rates of intervention group were more 29.2% than control group in 5 year olds,and more 54.1% in 6 year olds.Conclusion:Acquiring specific knowledge will generally improve preschoolers' cognition on plant reproduction.Children' cognitive development is influenced jointly by both domain-specific and domain-general thinking.