The clinical data of 459 patients,who were first diagnosed as HIV/HBV co-infection from January 2007 to December 2013,were retrospectively analyzed.Among all patients,there were 89 cases with CD4 ＜ 50/μl,134 cases with CD4 50-200/μl and 236 cases with CD4 ＞ 200/μl,when HIV infection was diagnosed.In these three groups with different CD4 levels,the HBV DNA positive rates were 49.3％ (37/75),50.5％ (54/107) and 33.7％ (66/196);the HBV viral load were (6.37 ± 1.71) log10 copies/ml,(5.82 ± 1.86) log10 copies/ml and (4.36 ± 1.64) log10 copies/ml;the rates of abnormal liver function were 29.2％ (26/89),29.1％ (39/134) and 10.6％ (25/236);the occurrence rates of end-stage-liver-diseases were 16.9％ (15/89),14.9％ (20/134) and 5.1％ (12/236);the mortality rates were 10.1％ (9/89),9.7％ (13/134) and 3.8％ (9/236),respectively.The HBV DNA positive rates,HBV viral load,the rates of abnormal liver function,the occurrence rates of end-stage-liver-diseases and the mortality rates in CD4 ＞ 200/μl group were lower than that in CD4 ＜ 50/μl group and 50-200/μl group.The results suggest that for HIV and HBV co-infection patients,HBV replication level and prognosis of liver diseases are associated with CD4 + T lymphocyte count.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and associated factors of prevention of motherto-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in Hubei Province,and to provide a reference for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.Methods In this prospective cohort study,HIV-positive pregnant women who were in some counties and cities of Hubei Province from January 2004 to December 2016 were enrolled.Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV was conducted for these HIV-positive pregnant women and their infants,and their clinical data were collected.Descriptive analysis and x2 test were used to analyze the general characteristics of HIV-positive pregnant women and their infants.Logistic regression analysis was adopted to explore the associated factors of mother-to-child HIV transmission.Results In total,536 HIV-positive pregnant women (628 pregnancies) were found,among which,334 pregnant women and 345 infants were enrolled in this study.Twenty-four infants were HIV-positive,which was 6.96％ in all infants (95％CI:4.27％-9.64％).The rates of mother-to-child HIV transmission without prevention,formula feeding only,infant medication plus formula feeding,mother and infant medication plus formula feeding were 35.71％ (95％CI:21.61％-51.93％),8.82％ (95％CI:2.08％-15.57％),7.41％ (95％CI:0.92％-24.22％),and0.48％ (95％CI:0.01％-2.64％),respectively.No antiretroviral medications during delivery (OR =14.484,95 ％CI:1.740-120.577,P=0.013),breastfeeding (OR=6.542,95％CI:2.416-17.713,P=0.000),and CD4-T lymphocyte count＜200 cells/μL during delivery (OR=3.060,95％CI:1.076-8.703,P=0.036) were independent risk factors of mother-to-child HIV transmission.Conclusions The rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission without prevention is high in Hubei Province,which can be significantly reduced by comprehensive interventions (mother and infant medication plus formula feeding).Thus,we should diagnose HIV-positive pregnant women as early as possible,and should give pregnant woman antiretroviral therapy plus infant medication and formula feeding to further reduce the rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission.

Objectives To provide reliable information concerning the presence or the absence of Histoplasma capsulatum (H. capsulatum) infection in China, and data concerning this respect.Methods Three hundred normal people and 435 hospitalized patients, who lived in Hunan and Jiangsu provinces, and the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, were tested with yeast-phase histoplasmin (ALK/Berkerley Biologicals Laboratories, USA) and human pure protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) on the volar surface of the forearm. Any reaction to the antigens over 5.0?mm in diameter of induration at 48-72?hours was considered positive. Results A total of 138 subjects (18.8%) in 735 patients reacted to histoplasmin with 5.0-45.0 (9.1±4.3)?mm indurations. Significant differences of positive skin reaction rates in normal subjects were found in Hunan, Jiangsu and Xinjiang (8.9% vs 15.1% vs 2.1%). The overall positive rate of patients was 25.5%. Patients with tuberculosis [31.7% (78/246)] had a significantly higher positive skin reaction rate in comparison with those suffering from pneumonia [17.7% (11/62)], lung cancer [20.9% (9/43)], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [17.3% (9/52)] and other diseases [12.5% (4/32)] (P<0.01). Of 562 cases, 292 cases (52.0%) reacted to PPD with indurations of 5-50 (13.7±4.9)mm in diameter, 63 cases (11.2%) reacted to both histoplasmin and PPD, while 38 cases (6.9%) reacted to histoplasmin but not to PPD.Conclusions The data suggest that there is H. capsulatum herd infection in China. The infection rate in Southeast China is higher than that in the Northwest, and the infection rate of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is higher than that of normal persons and other pneumonopathy patients.