Spermatogenesis is a process consisting of spermatogonial proliferation, spermatocytic meiosis, and spermiogenesis, and is also considered to be a process in which heterochromatins gradually aggregate and finally reach a highly condensed formation in the sperm head. Recent studies show that epigenetic regulation plays a key role in spermatogenesis. This review discusses the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in spermatogenesis in three aspects, DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs. These factors are essential for spermatogenesis, fertilization, and embryogenesis by mutual regulation as well as by gene expression regulation, transposon activation, sex chromosome inactivation, and genome imprinting.
DNA Methylation ; Embryonic Development ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; physiology ; Genomic Imprinting ; Humans ; Male ; Meiosis ; Spermatogenesis ; genetics ; Spermatogonia ; cytology ; physiology

Cataract ; genetics ; Diabetic Retinopathy ; genetics ; Eye Diseases ; genetics ; therapy ; Genetic Therapy ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; genetics ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; genetics

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth malignant tumor in the world.Most patients who have been diagnosed have been in advanced stage,so mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma is thirdly in malignant tumor of digestive cancers.The effective tumor marks are the main method of early diagnosis or treatment and raising survival rate.This articles reviewed the several tumor marks which have been found in the past few years.

Objective To acquaint the condition of learning burnout of medical students and to explore the relationship of learning burnout with professional commitment and social support. Methods 610 medical students were evaluated with Learning Burnout Scale, professional commitment scale and social support scale. Results ①In general, learning burnout index of medical students was 2.84±0.49; in terms of gender difference, male students [(2.83±0.65) and (3.08±0.61)] were higher than females[(2.70±0.63) and (2.96±0.60)] at the level of emotional turndown and behavioral unsuitableness, the difference was statistically significant( P <0.05); in terms of grades, medical students'learning burnout of different grades was significant( F =4.244,P <0.01); there was no difference in profession. ②Learning burnout was significantly negative correlation with professional commitment and social support( P <0.01). ③Multiple regression analysis showed that affective commitment and family support had significant predications on learning burnout of medical students( P <0.01). Conclusion Medical students'learning burnout level is comparatively high, learning burnout closely relates to professional commitment and social support.

Isoflavones as a kind of phytoestrogen exist in soy plant widely. With the advantages of estrogen, they can regulate endocrine function of the human body, reduce blood cholesterol, decrease the incidence of coronary heart disease, prevent osteoporosis, inhibit tumor growth, and relieve pain. This article summarized the investigations on the medical value of isoflavones in recent years.

group A)(P0.05).In all the 3 groups,the BIS decreased to the lowest level at T2,and then increased at T3 and T4,and the BISs at T2,T3,and T4 were significantly different from that at T1(P

Lung transplantation is the unique method to cure pulmonary tuberculosis at final stage. This paper reviewed the history, indication and contraindication, method of donor and recipient selection and donor preservation, operation methods, postoperative complications and protocol for complications to well understand issues in lung transplantation. Moreover, lacking of donors and increasing mortality of patients waiting for transplantation are urgent problems. With technique development, prognosis amendment, and improvement of survival rate and quality of life, donor source becomes important. Many studies have been conducted to explore the application of cadaveric lung, and several animal trials have been successful. In addition, scope of in vivo pulmonary lobes transplantation is increasing. Based on split liver transplantation, split double-lung transplantation is developed. This method utilizes existed donor sources, and provides options for patients waiting for transplantation.

Objective:To study the transdermal permeability of Psoralen (Pro) and Isopsoralen (Isopro). Methods:V C two compartment was adopted to research the permeability deferences between Pso and Isopso in nude mouse skin in vitro, and investigated the effect of penetration enhancers, such as EtOH, azone and glycerol on the permeability of them. Results: Pso and Isopso are suitable compounds for transdermal delivery system and the permeability coeffient of Isopso is larger than that of Pso. 10% EtOH-1% Azone greatly increased the permeability coefficient. Conclusion: The results can offer reference for Psoralea corylifolia TDS.

Relevant projects carried out within the Yangtze River economic belt on the impact of schistosomiasis epidemic and transmission are important issues for ecological priority in the process of implementing the strategy. The key problems of schistosomiasis epidemic risk,epidemic happening repeatedly,difficulty of rehabilitating Oncomelania hupensis snail control and schistosomiasis prevention forest,lag of evaluation system and platform construction,lack of basic research,et al. were ana-lyzed in the Yangtze River economic belt taking ecological priority as the basis in this paper. Then corresponding countermea-sures to these challenges were put forward so as to provide the reference for the national forestry schistosomiasis control pro-grams,which include:execution of the comprehensive prevention and control strategy,scheming of the new round of forestry schistosomiasis control programs,strengthening schistosomiasis prevention and control,promoting productivity in existing forest-ry to consolidate and improve the achievements of previous forestry schistosomiasis control programs,and promoting the intensi-ty of technological innovation to improve the technological level of forestry schistosomiasis control programs.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which are essential for posttranscriptional gene regulation and have important roles in physiology and pathology. The researches on function of miRNA will be a focus in the future. Several animal models have been built by transgenic technology, making important contributions to our understanding of gene function at the whole scale. Recently, the number of transgenic animal models for microRNAs and construction strategies have been increasing and diversifying. Some roles of miRNA in tumor and cardiovascular disease have been revealed by transgenic animals. Transgenic animals are becoming a kind of powerful tool in microRNA researches.