Objective To investigate the effects of photodynamic reaction on cytokines production of HaCat keratinocytes treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Methods The HaCat cells were cocultured in vitro with different concentrations of ALA. Three hours later PpIX levels in HaCat cells were detected, and phtotodynamic reaction was induced by 632.8 nm laser radiation on cells. The cell death was analyzed using a flow cytometer to evaluate reactive intensity. The cytokines contents in supernatant were determined, including interleukin (IL)- lα, IL-6, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), endothelin (ET)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Results Different cellular PpIX levels and cell death rates were seen according to ALA concentrations. The cell death rate did not exceed 10% and showed a positive linear relationship with ALA concentration (P＜0.05), when the later was at 0.0-1.6 mmol/L interval. The levels of IL-1α, bFGF and TNF-α increased as ALA concentration ascended at this interval (P＜0.05). No significant correlation was found between ALA concentration and IL-6 or ET-1 level (P＞0.05). Conclusion The photodynamic reactive intensity could be enhanced by increasing ALA concentration. And at certain scope, higher reactive grade might induce higher levels of keratinocyte-derived cytokines.

Objective: To explore the impact of five-flavor Sophora flavescens enteric-coated capsules (FSEC) on the intestinal flora of rats with ulcerative colitis (UC), so as to provide the reference for the mechanism of FSEC in treating UC. Methods: Forty SPF-grade Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group, the model group, the mesalazine group and the FSEC group. Except the control group (0.9% sodium chloride solution), the other 3 groups used 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days to establish UC model. After successful modeling, the control group and the model group were given 2 mL/kgbw of 0.9% sodium chloride solution by gavage for 2 weeks, while the mesalazine group and the FSEC group were given 2 mL/kgbw of mesalazine suspension (0.2 g/kg) and FSEC granule suspension (2.16 g/kg), respectively. Pathological changes of colon tissue were observed after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Rat fecal samples were collected, and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed on intestinal flora. The α and β diversity of intestinal flora among the four groups were compared, and the dominant flora was screened using LEfSe analysis. Results: Compared with the control group, the model group showed a significant loss of colonic crypts and a large infiltration of inflammatory cells. Compared with the model group, the mesalazine group and the FSEC group exhibited a slight loss of colonic crypts, a small amount or an absence inflammatory cell infiltration, and improved tissue damage. The α-diversity analysis showed that compared with the control group, the Chao1 and Shannon indices in the model group increased, while the Simpson index decreased; compared with the model group, the Chao1 and Shannon indices in the mesalazine group and the FSEC group decreased, and the Simpson index increased（all P<0.05）. The β-diversity analysis showed that the sample distance between the FSEC group and the control group were more closer than that between the model group and the control group. LEfSe analysis results showed that the dominant bacteria in the model group were mainly from the Alistipes and Oscillospira. In the FSEC group, the dominant bacteria were from the Ruminococcus and Prevotella. Conclusion FSEC can improve the structures of intestinal flora, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Ruminococcus and Prevotella, reduce the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Alistipes, and alleviate the inflammatory response in UC rats.

COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has being spreading around the world, posing a serious threat to human health and lives. Neutralizing antibodies and small molecule inhibitors for virus replication cycle are the main antiviral treatment for novel coronavirus recommended in China. To further promote the rational use of antiviral therapy in clinical practice, the National Center for Infectious Diseases (Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine) invited experts in fields of infectious diseases, respiratory and intensive care to develop an Expert Consensus on Antiviral Therapy of COVID-19 based on the Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline for COVID-19 ( trial version 10) and experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in China. The consensus is concise, practical and highly operable, hopefully it would improve the understanding of antiviral therapy for clinicians and provide suggestions for standardized medication in treatment of COVID-19.