Objective: To investigate the trends in incidence of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2019 and to examine the effect of age, period and cohort on the incidence of HIV/AIDS, so as to provide insights into the improvements of the HIV/AIDS control measures. Methods: Data pertaining to incidence of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) datasets, and the trends in incidence of HIV/AIDS in China from 1990 to 2019 was analyzed with annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) using a jointpoint regression model. The effects of age, period and cohort on the incidence of HIV/AIDS in China were examined with an age-period-cohort model. Results: The age-standardized incidence of HIV/AIDS appeared an overall tendency towards a rise in China from 1990 (0.80/105) to 2019 (2.21/105) (AAPC=3.209%, P<0.05), and the incidence of HIV/AIDS showed a tendency towards a rise from 1990 to 1997 (AAPC=9.044%, P<0.05) and from 1997 to 2003 (AAPC=17.598%, P<0.05), a decline from 2006 to 2014 (AAPC=-8.412%, P<0.05) and remained relatively stable from 2003 to 2006 and from 2014 to 2019 (both P>0.05). The incidence of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise with age, and peaked among patients at ages of 25 to 29 years (4.93/105) and 75 to 79 years (7.38/105). The risk of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline with time, and a reduced risk of HIV/AIDS was found from 1990 to 1994 (RR=0.297), from 1995 to 1999 (RR=0.523), from 2005 to 2009 (RR=0.737), from 2010 to 2014 (RR=0.412) and from 2015 to 2019 (RR=0.351) in relative to the period from 2000 to 2004. The risk of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise with the cohort, and a higher risk of HIV/AIDS was found in the 1930-1934 cohort (RR=1.880) and 2000-2004 cohort (RR=2.978) in relative to the 1955-1959 cohort. Conclusions The incidence of HIV/AIDS appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, and remained at a low level since 2014. The adolescents and elderly were high-risk groups of HIV/AIDS. A variety of health education interventions and intensified active HIV/AIDS screening are recommended.

A label-free electrochemical immunosensor using hollow structure nanomaterials based on its ordered porous and big surface area was designed. Au nanocage, with good conductivity, catalysis, and biocompatibility, was prepared and modified on the surface of glassy carbon electrode with graphene to immobilize antibody of microcystin directly. In the absence of microcystin, biosensor can obtain high current response signal of electrochemical probe ( [ Fe( CN) 6 ] 3-/4-. When microcystin was combined with its antibody specifically, the charge density and mass transfer resistance on the surface of electrode increased, resulting in a decrease of the corresponding peak current of [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 3-/4-. This change was in proportion to the concentration of microcystin indirectly. Experiment conditions such as cultivation time of antigen and concentration of antibody were optimized. The results showed wide linear range of 0. 05 μg/L-1. 0 mg/L and the detection limit of 0. 017 ng/mL. This sensor has good stability and simple production procedure. This sensor provides a new and simple means for the ultrasensitive determination of microcystins in real water samples.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between school bullying and the age at menarche (AAM) in girls, so as to provide references for promoting the healthy growth of girls in puberty. Methods: In April 2022, a total of 987 middle school girls with onset of menarche in Rongchang District of Chongqing were selected by using a stratified random cluster sampling method to carry out a questionnaire survey and physical examination. The t tests,variance analysis and Dunnett t tests were conducted to analyze the differences between individuals who experienced different types of school bullying and AAM. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the association between school bullying and the early age at menarche. Results: The average AAM of 987 girls was (12.13±1.03) years, and 22.90% of them had early AAM. The AAM of those who did not experience bullying events (12.18±0.96) varied significantly with those who experienced bullying events (11.86±1.44) ( t=3.71, P <0.01). The average AAM of individuals who experienced 1, 2, 3 or more school bullying events was (12.08±1.38, 11.74±1.07, 11.61± 1.63 ) years old, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in AAM between girls who did not experience school bullying and those who experienced 1, 2, 3 or more types of school bullying ( F=6.99, P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis found that after adjusting confounding factors, experiencing school bullying ( OR=2.71, 95%CI =2.04-4.27), being deliberately excluded from collective activities or being isolated ( OR=2.58, 95%CI =1.69-4.67), being kicked, pushed or locked in the house ( OR= 2.85 , 95%CI =1.39-4.92), being teased due to physical defects or appearance ( OR=2.74, 95%CI =1.77-5.02), experiencing one school bullying event ( OR=2.33, 95%CI =1.52-4.23), and experiencing two school bullying events ( OR=3.36, 95%CI = 1.82 -7.36), and experiencing three or more school bullying events ( OR=2.89, 95%CI =1.74-5.71) were associated with the early age at menarche ( P <0.05). Conclusion School bullying is related to the earlier AAM among girls. Strengthening school anti bullying education might be helpful for promoting girls healthy growth and development in adolescence.