Objective To evaluate the long-term outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalization after cardiac surgery.Methods 1 770 patients underwent cardiac surgery in Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital from April 2009 to February 2011 were enrolled.Based on the Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline of AKI,the patients were divided into the AKI and the nonAKI groups,and followed up for 2 years.The 2-year survival rate and incidence of the advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) was compared between the two groups.Factors influencing the 2-year survival rate and incidence of the advanced CKD were also analyzed.Results Among all the patients,715 (40.4％) of them were developed AKT.(1) The 2-year survival rate of the AKI group was lower than that of the non-AKI group (83.2％ vs 93.6％ ;P ＜0.05).Compared with the non-AKI group,AKI group had an increased risk for death with the hazard ratio of 1.710 (95％ CI 1.250-2.340).COX regression analysis showed that AKI was an independent factor for death with the risk intensity just less than diabetes and chronic cardiac insufficiency.The advanced age,the preoperative history of chronic cardiac insufficiency and the time of staying in ICU also significantly increased the risk of death.(2) Compared with patients without AKI (0.2 ％),the incidence of the 2-year of advanced CKD was higher in patients with AKI (6.7 ％ ; P ＜ 0.05) with an hazard ratio of 31.220 (95 ％ CI 7.550-129.110).COX regression analysis showed that AKI was still the independent risk factor for advanced CKD after adjustment of other factors.In addition,diabetes,the time of the cardiopulmonary bypass and the time of staying in ICU were also associated with the risk for the advanced CKD.Conclusions AKI is common after cardiac surgery,which was associated with a decrease in the 2-year survival rate and an increase in the incidence of advanced CKD of patients,which emphasized the importance of prevention and treatment of AKI,and close follow-up of renal function for the improvement of patient long-term prognosis.

Objective To assess the clinical usefulness and value of the 5 models for the prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI),severe AKI which renal replacement treatment was needed (RRT-AKI) and death after cardiac surgery procedures in Chinese patients.Methods One thousand and sixty-seven patients who underwent cardiac surgery procedures in the department of cardiac surgery in the Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University between May 2010 and January 2011 were involved in this research.The predicting value for AKI (AKICS),RRT-AKI (Cleveland,SRI and Mehta score) and death (EURO score) after cardiac surgery procedures was evaluated by Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test for the calibration and area under receiver operation characteristic curve (AUROC)for the discrimination.Results The incidence of AKI was 20.34％(217/1067),and 63.13％ of their renal function recovered completely.The incidence of RRT-AKI was 3.56％(38/1067) and the mortality of AKI and RRT-AKI was 9.68％ (21/217) and 44.73％ (17/38) respectively.The total mortality was 3.28％ (35/1067).The discrimination and calibration for the prediction ofAKI of AKICS were low.For the prediction ofRRT-AKI,the discrimination and calibration of Cleveland score were high enough,but the predicated value was lower than the real value (1.70％ vs 3.86％).The discrimination of Mehta score and the calibration of SRI were low.The discrimination and calibration for the prediction of death of EURO score was low.Conclusion According to the 2012 KDIGO AKI definition,none of the 5 models above is good at predicting AKI after cardiac surgery procedures.Cleveland score has been validated to have a proper impact on predicting RRT-AKI after cardiac surgery procedures,but the predicting value is still in doubt.EURO score has been validated to have an inaccurate predicting value for death after cardiac surgery procedures.

Objective To explore the association between BMI and the risk of developing cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI),mortality of AKI and AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (AKI-RRT) after cardiac surgery.Methods Clinical data of patients undergoing cardiac surgery from January 2011 to December 2015 in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University were prospectively collected.Patients were divided into four groups according to BMI classification of Chinese population.Adjustment for selection bias was further assessed using propensity score method (PSM) to evaluate the role of BMI in the development of AKI.Results A total of 8442 patients were enrolled,among which 1092 patients successfully matched through PSM.The AKI incidences were respectively 30.3％,33.3％,38.6％ and 46.8％ in four BMI groups (P ＜ 0.01) before PSM.The AKI incidences were respectively 31.9％,35.2％,42.5％ and 42.9％ in four BMI groups (P=0.016) after PSM.The risk of developing AKI increased by 19.9％ as the BMI increased per 5 kg/m2 (95％ CI:1.070-1.344,P=0.002).The hospital mortality of patient (overall,AKI,AKI-RRT) in four groups was not statistically different after PSM (P ＞ 0.05),but overweight group always had the lowest mortality.Conclusions BMI is a risk factor for AKI after cardiac surgery,and the AKI incidence increases with increasing BMI in a certain range.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of perioperative transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on postoperative cellular immune function in the patients undergoing posterior spinal internal fixation.Methods:Ninety patients, aged 40-70 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, undergoing elective posterior spinal internal fixation in our hospital, were divided into 2 groups ( n=45 each) using a computer-generated table of random numbers: routine group and experiment group.Total intravenous anesthesia was used in routine group, while total intravenous anesthesia combined with TEAS was applied in experiment group.In experiment group, bilateral Zusanli and Sanyinjiao acupoints were stimulated with 2/15 Hz disperse-dense waves at the intensity that could be tolerated by patients at 30 min before induction of anesthesia, maintaining with 2/100 Hz disperse-dense waves from the end of induction until the end of operation at the same stimulation intensity before induction.Bilateral Neiguan and Taichong acupoints were stimulated for 30 min each time with 2/15Hz disperse-dense waves once a day at 1st-4th days after operation.In routine group, the electrodes were connected at the same time period, but no stimulation was given.Venous blood samples were collected before induction of anesthesia, at 1 h after surgery, and on 1st, 3rd, and 5th days after surgery, and the percentage of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + T lymphocytes, CD4 + /CD8 + ratio, WBC count and percentage of neutrophils (NE%) were determined by flow cytometry, and the consumption of intraoperative anesthetics, use of postoperative analgesics, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, infection and length of hospital stay were recorded. Results:Compared with routine group, the total consumption and consumption index of remifentanil were significantly decreased, the percentage of CD3 + T lymphocytes was increased on 3rd and 5th postoperative days, the NE% was decreased on 1st postoperative day, and the incidence of dizziness was decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the other indicators in experiment group ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Perioperative TEAS can improve postoperative cellular immune function and has a certain potential value in preventing postoperative infection in the patients undergoing posterior spinal internal fixation.

Objective:The investigation and research on the application status of Hepatic Venous Pressure Gradient (HVPG) is very important to understand the real situation and future development of this technology in China.Methods:This study comprehensively investigated the basic situation of HVPG technology in China, including hospital distribution, hospital level, annual number of cases, catheters used, average cost, indications and existing problems.Results:According to the survey, there were 70 hospitals in China carrying out HVPG technology in 2021, distributed in 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central Government). A total of 4 398 cases of HVPG were performed in all the surveyed hospitals in 2021, of which 2 291 cases (52.1%) were tested by HVPG alone. The average cost of HVPG detection was (5 617.2±2 079.4) yuan. 96.3% of the teams completed HVPG detection with balloon method, and most of the teams used thrombectomy balloon catheter (80.3%).Conclusion:Through this investigation, the status of domestic clinical application of HVPG has been clarified, and it has been confirmed that many domestic medical institutions have mastered this technology, but it still needs to continue to promote and popularize HVPG technology in the future.