Heritable changes in gene expression are regarded as epigenetics,which do not involve coding sequence modifications.The study of ophthalmology epigenetics is a rapidly growing area in biomedical research.Epigenetic mechanisms principally include DNA methylation,histone modification,chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA.Aberrant DNA methylation and histone modification are linked to a number of age-related disorders,such as cancer,autoimmune and others.In recent years,the modulations of epigenetic changes on the pathogenesis of eye disorders and their roles in therapeutic interventions are drawing more and more attention,and these studies deepen the understanding of relevant diseases.Since the epigenetic alterations are reversible,modifying epigenetic marks contributing to eye diseases provide a new approach to the development of disease prevention,diagnosis and therapies.Herein we discuss the roles of epigenetic changes in eye disease development,hoping that ophthalmologists and researchers pay attention to these researching cues in pathogenesis of eye disorders caused by genetic expression alterations in response to environmental changes,importantly,to the implication for relevant eye disease therapy and prevention.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the cost-effectiveness of insulin degludec(IDeg)in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). METHODS:A systematic review of literatures was conducted via PubMed,EMBase,The Cochrane Library,CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,IDF,ISPOR,ADA and EASD from the inception to Janu-ary 2016,to identify pharmacoeconomics evaluation literatures and non-economic studies related to IDeg in the treatment of T1DM and T2DM,compared with other basic insulin [insulin glargine(IGlar),insulin detemir(IDet),neutral protamine hagedom insulin (NPH)]. RESULTS:A total of 8 studies were included and all of them were carried out in European countries. In the short-term (one year),IDeg was more economical when compared with other basic insulin in patients with T1DM. The studies related to the long-term treatment of T1DM demonstrated different conclusions,but most of studies came to a conclusion that IDeg had good cost-effectiveness. For patients with T2DM,all of the studies demonstrated that IDeg was cost-effectiveness compared with IGlar. CONCLUSIONS:Compared with other basic insulin,IDeg can improve therapeutic efficacy and the quality of life,as well as re-duce the cost of ADR as hypoglycaemia. IDeg is a dominant or cost-effective treatment opinion.

Objective There are quite a few chemotherapeutic adjuvants for the treatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma, but all have their adverse effects. This study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of the induction chemotherapy of S?1 plus docetaxel and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Totally, 84 patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma were randomly divided into an observation and a control group of equal number, the former trea?ted with S?1 plus docetaxel and cisplatin and the latter with 5?fluorouracil, docetaxel and cisplatinand, both for two cycles ( 1 cycle =21 d) . Then the effects and adverse events were evaluated and compared between the two groups of patients. Results No statistically significant differences were observed in the response rate between the observation and control groups of patients (76.19% vs 73.81%, P>0.05). The incidence rates of adverse events, such as nausea and vomiting (66.67% vs 88.10%, P<0.05) and phlebitis (0 vs 19.05%, P<0.05) , were remarkably lower in the former than in the latter group. Conclusion S?1 plus docetaxel and cisplatin is a reli?able induction chemotherapy with few adverse effects in the treatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma.

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of urinary incontinence on women's quality of life, and the effective measures to improve it.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature review to analyze the present research about quality of life on urinary incontinent women and interventions for improving it.ResultsUrinary incontinence influenced patients' quality of life in many aspects, especially in their physical health, mental health, daily living and sexual life. Regular pelvic floor muscle training could prevent and control the incontinence symptoms and improve patients' quality of life.ConclusionsIt is necessary to carry on a series of activities to propagandize that urinary incontinence can be treated, effective measures should be taken to prevent and manage urinary incontinence in order to improve quality of life in urinary incontinent women.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of adverse reaction induced by Chinese activating blood herbal injection. Methods Domestic medicinal periodicals issued during 1972-2011 were searched, and 566 adverse drug reaction (ADR) cases were analyzed by database establishment and statistic method. Results Totally 566 ADR cases involving 16 different kinds of traditional Chinese medicine injection were collected, and 139 cases were related to Fufang Danshen Injection. The incidence of ADR was 51.77%(293 cases) in the male and 48.23%(273 cases) in the female. Average age of patients was (55.01±16.07) years old. The incidence of circulation system damage (206 cases, 23.22%) dominated in ADRs. The number of ADR which occurred within half an hour was 357 cases (64.79%) and the original disease most were cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (384 cases, 67.84%). Conclusion ADR induced by Chinese activating blood herbal injection are commonly seen in middle-aged and elderly people, and often involved circulation system.

Objective To investigate the changes of protein kinase C(PKC) activity in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of the children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and the relationships between PKC activity and T lymphocytes activation and thrombocyte decrease.Methods Sterilized peripheral blood were collected from ITP children (n=35) and healthy children (n=30).T lymphocytes were isolated and purified by the T cell segregation enrichment column.The total PKC activity was detected by non-radioactive assay.FasL,the T cell activated marker,was determined by flow cytometer.Platelet count was performed by hematocytometer.Result Compared with healthy children,total PKC activity in ITP children was significantly enhanced (0.97?0.21 nmol/min.ml vs 0.60? 0.13 nmol/min.ml,?s,P

Objective To analyze the composing experience of Menghe physician Ma Peizhi for cough by TCM inheritance support system. Methods The prescriptions for cough of Ma Peizhi were collected, frequency and association of drugs were analyzed by using data mining methods such as revised mutual information, complex system entropy cluster and unsupervised hierarchical cluster. Results Based on the analysis of 57 prescriptions, the frequency of each herb and association rules among the herbs were computed, 18 core combinations and 9 new prescriptions were mined from the database. Conclusion Menghe physicians Ma Peizhi is well experienced in expelling wind and opening the inhibited lung, dissolving phlegm and relieving cough. TCM inheritance support system can be used to analyze clinical experience of old TCM doctor.

Objective To investigate the medication rules for the treatment of hepatopathy by national medical masters. Methods The prescriptions for hepatopathy were collected to build a database based on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) inheritance assist system. After analyzed by the data mining, such as apriori algorithm and complex system entropy cluster, the frequency of single medicine and drug combinations that used in prescriptions, and the association rules among drugs were obtained. Results The most frequently used drugs were Herba Artemisiae Capillaris, Tuckahoe, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Radix Bupleuri, et al. The most frequently used drug combinations were “Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Tuckahoe”, “Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Tuckahoe”, and “Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Herba Artemisiae Capillaris”, et al. And when the confidence of drug association rules was 1, the drug combinations were“Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Giant Knotweed→Herba Artemisiae Capillaris”,“Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Radix curcumae→Herba Artemisiae Capillaris”, “Giant Knotweed, Gardenia→Herba Artemisiae Capillaris” and so on. Conclusion The medicines were often with the actions of clearing heat, removing dampness, regulating qi and activating blood circulation, which were used for the treatment of hepatopathy by national medical masters.

RNA-seq can help us quickly obtain the whole transcriptome sequences of species under different conditions. Many Unigenes that are assembled by raw reads always do not contain complete open reading frame (ORF). In addition, it also has some redundancy in transcriptome library. Some Unigenes in the library, although belong to one transcript, cannot be assembled without overlapping. We found five incomplete Unigenes annotated ammonium transporter (AMT) from Salicornia europaea transcriptome, in which two Unigenes (Uni4 and Uni5) had identical expression patterns across four transcriptomes. The two Unigenes may come from one transcript. Analyzing the Unigene position of transcript by NCBI blastx, we found that Uni4 and Uni5 respectively located in 5' end and 3' end compared with the reference transcript, and an unknown gap of 120 bp may exist in a hypothetic transcript to which Uni4 and Uni5 both belong. To verify the hypothesis, single forward primer and single reverse primers were respectively designed on Uni4 and Uni5, and a fragment with about 800 bp was generated by PCR. Then it was sequenced and aligned with Uni4 and Uni5. Finally, we assembled a sequence with 1 667 bp, which contains a complete ORF (1 482 bp, coding 494 amino acids). It belongs to amt1 subfamily and was named Seamt1 via the phylogenetic analysis. It was pointed by bioinformatics tools that SeAMT1 protein conformed to the AMT characteristics of other species. This work clustered expression pattern to explore the Unigenes of one transcript, and the feasibility of this method was validated through the other two groups of Unigenes. The handy method will benefit extension and assembling of Unigene in transcriptome, it also helps achieve the complete ORF and gene function.
Ammonium Compounds ; Chenopodiaceae ; genetics ; Computational Biology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Plant ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Transcriptome