Introduction: Root canal treatment often fails because of bacteria that grow back after obturation, such as Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The previous study has found the percentage of root canal treatment failure as much as 32-70%. It was because the facultative anaerobic bacteria are able to penetrate into the dentinal tubules and found to be resistant. Ambonese banana stem is one of the herbal plants in Indonesia that has been widely used, including the sap on the stem. Active substances in the sap of Ambonese banana stems such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins have antimicrobial efficacy. The purpose of this study is to prove the antibacterial activity of Ambonese banana stems extract on E. faecalis and analyzing bacterial viability through a fluorescent microscope. Methods: The sample of this study was E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) which bred on BHIB media, then serially carried out dilution with Ambonese banana stem extract with a composition of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125 %, 1,563%. and 0.781%. Cultured in the Agar Mueller-Hinton medium and then calculate the number of bacterial colonies. This examination was continued using a fluorescent microscope for determining the viability of bacteria. Results: We obtained MIC at a concentration of 1.563% and MBC at a concentration of 3.125%. The ability of Ambonese banana stem extracts to kill E. faecalis in MIC was 92.22%, while in MBC it was 100%. Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem extract effectively inhibited the growth of E. faecalis bacteria.

Introduction: Biological process of wound healing in soft tissue injury which include some phase that its highly organized cascade, such as haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Healing process will be impaired when there is an interference with one of the four of the phase not going well. This study is aimed to proving the role of dragon fruit peel extract towards the interpretation of TGF- β, fibroblast cell and formation of new blood vessels during wound healing process. Methods: 20 rattus norwegicus wistar strain rats are separated into four groups. The one lower incisor is extracted, afterward the wound post extraction of the treatment group was treated with dragon fruit peel extract gel with the concentration of 15%, 30% and 60%, meanwhile, for the control groups, they are treated with polyethylene glycol gel. On the fourth day, the rats were sacrificed and preparation of immunohistochemical and histopathology are made. Observe under the light microscope with 400x magnification. Results: This study shows that the 30% concentration increase the expression of TGF- β (16.6±2.07), fibroblast proliferation (77.6±5.27) and new blood vessels (33.8±2.28) compare to the control group, 15% and 60% concentration in a meaningful way (p=0.00, p=0.00 and p=0.00). Conclusions: The dragon fruit peel extract gel may affect the wound healing process of extraction by increasing the expression of TGF- β, number of fibroblast and formation of new blood vessels.

Background: Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of dental caries. One of many medicinal plants, purple leaf [Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff], which contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins, is a potential antibacterial agent. Objective: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of purple leaf extract (Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Streptococcus mutans were suspended in several Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff extract concentrations in a BHIB medium using the dilution method so that the concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 1.56%, 0.78% were obtained. Each tube was incubated for 24 hours, then subcultured in a Tryptone Yeast Extract Cystine medium in a petri dish using a spreader. Each petri dish was set for 24 hours; the growth of the colony, using CFU/mL unit, was manually calculated. The samples were then subjected to microbiological analysis. The Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test was performed to determine if the relationship between the sets of data in the treatment group is statistically significant (p<0.05). Results: Purple leaf extract contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, triterpenoid/ steroid, and saponin. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff against Streptococcus mutans was in concentration 3.125%, and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was in concentration 6.25%. Conclusion Purple Leaf Extract [Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff] has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.
Medicine ; Phytochemicals ; Streptococcus mutans

Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of deathworldwide. Chemotherapy like as doxorubicin is the most common treatment procedure given to cancer patients. Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic drug that triggers the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) affect to body cells including taste bud cells to induced the expression of Metallothionein 3 (MT-3), eventually cause cell damage that leads to a metallic taste. Antioxidant therapy can be an alternative to overcome metallic taste as it counters ROS effect and lowers the expression of MT-3. The aim of this study is to evaluate MT-3 expression in the taste bud cells of male Wistar Rats after induction of doxorubicin combined with vitamin E and mung bean sprouts (Phaseolusradiatus L.) juice. Methods: 27 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g aged 3-4 months were divided into 3 groups randomly; control group, treatment group 1 (receiving doxorubicin and vitamin E), and treatment group 2 (receiving doxorubicin and mung bean sprouts juice). After 5 days, the rats were sacrificed, and the tongue was taken for immunohistochemistry analysis. Data were then analyzed by One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene Test, and Oneway-ANOVA statistical test (p<0.05). Results: The MT-3 expression increases in the following order; control group (4.93), treatment group 2 (7.08), and treatment group 1 (9.95). Treatment group 1 and 2 both show remarkable increases of MT-3 expression compare to control. Conclusion: The induction of doxorubicin and antioxidant can increase the level of MT-3 expression.