Peptic ulcer bleeding is a common emergency. Management of peptic ulcer bleeding needs prompt pre-endoscopy risk stratification,initiation of pharmacotherapy,endoscopic assessment and hemostasis if necessary. This article reviewed the proper management of patients with peptic ulcer bleeding based on the most recent relevant international guidelines and consensus.

The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology revised the evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for peptic ulcer disease in 2015. The revised guidelines consist of the following items:bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcers, Helicobacter pylori(Hp)eradication therapy and non-eradication therapy,drug-induced ulcer,non-Hp/ non-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug( NSAID)-induced ulcer,and surgical treatment. This guideline describes the abovementioned content in detail and is a good reference for clinical practice. A full interpretation of this guideline was performed in this paper.

In patients with gastrointestinal bleeding,the elderly patients have the unique features in bleeding incidence,etiologic constitution,clinical manifestations,management and prognosis. The aging of population makes the evaluation and management of gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly a special and increasingly common clinical challenge. This paper reviewed this topic in detail.

The indication for eradication of Helicobacter pylori( Hp)has been gradually expanded from peptic ulcer to“confirmed Hp infection”. Kyoto global consensus report on Hp gastritis has defined Hp gastritis as an infectious disease, and proposed that eradication therapy should be given to Hp infected individuals unless there are competing considerations. Currently the issue of Hp infection is no longer whether it should be eradicated,but rather how it can be effectively eradicated. With the rise of antibiotic resistance,Hp eradication is much more difficult than beforehand. This series of lectures on how to improve the eradication rate of Hp has been elaborated in detail in following aspects:current status of Hp eradication therapy,how to improve the eradication rate of drug-resistant strains of Hp,and to explore suitable eradication regimens for Chinese patients in reference with international consensus.

“Management of Helicobacter pylori infection — the Maastricht Ⅴ Consensus Conference”held in Florence, Italy,October 8-9th,2015 was convened for developing a new consensus on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in following aspects:1. Indication/ Associations,2. Diagnosis,3. Treatment,4. Prevention/ Public Health,5. Helicobacter pylori and the Gastric Microbiota. A detailed interpretation of these contents was made in this paper.

A global consensus meeting on Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)gastritis was held in Kyoto,Japan from January 31st to February 1st ,2014,which was convened to develop consensus on:(1)H. pylori gastritis is an infectious disease,(2)clinical distinction of dyspepsia caused by H. pylori from functional dyspepsia,(3)appropriate diagnostic assessment of gastritis and(4)when,whom and how to treat H. pylori gastritis. All 24 statements for 22 clinical questions achieved a consensus level of > 80% . In this paper,the statements were interpreted in detail.

Gastrointestinal(GI)bleeding is one of the commonly seen clinical problems in departments of emergency and gastroenterology. Acute massive bleeding may be life-threatening,and chronic blood loss can present symptoms of anemia. GI bleeding is the clinical manifestation of some serious diseases,including GI malignancies. Familiar with and mastering the clinical manifestations,classification and principles of management of GI bleeding will help to improve its prevention and treatment.

The Fifth Chinese National Consensus Report on Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection has been published.Contents of the consensus consist of six parts, including indications for Helicobacter pylori eradication, diagnosis, treatment, Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection in special populations, Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal microbiota.Most of the contents are understandable, and this paper mainly explains 7 controversial issues.

Objective:To investigate the changes of lymphocyte subsets and the serum levels of IgE in the children with allergic rhinitis,and to analyze the relationship between lymphocyte subsets and IgE.Methods:CD3+,CD4+,CD8+CD19+,CD4+CD25+,CD16+56+lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry ,IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-5 of serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and the serum level of total IgE was detected by immuno turbidimetric assays in 86 cases of children with allergic rhinitis and 76 cases of healthy children.Results:CD19+B lymphocyte subsets ,the ratio of CD4+and CD8+,IL-4 ,IL-5 and the serum levels of IgE were increased in the children with allergic rhinitis groups as compared with healthy children , the difference has statistical significance(P<0.05);CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,CD4+CD25+,CD16+56+lymphocyte subsets and IFN-γwere lower than the control group ( P<0.05 );there was a correlation between B lymphocyte subsets and IgE in the children with allergic rhinitis.Co nclusion:Lymphocyte dysfunction and Th1/Th2 ratio imbalance may be related to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis ,and IgE,IFN-γ,IL-4 and IL-5 play important roles in children with allergic rhinitis.

A kind of skin cell segregating unit based on 80C196 microcomputer is presented in this paper. The front-end controller is a single-chip microcomputer. The unit enables manipulation for 6 patients simultaneously which provides a great convenience for clinical manipulation of vitiligo. With use of serial port communication technology it's possible to monitor and control the front-end controller in a PC terminal. The involvement of computer image acquisition technology realizes synchronous acquisition of pathologic skin cell before/after the manipulation. Clinical test of the unit proves its conformity with national standards and fulfillment of designed technology goal.