Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is one of typical indicators to evaluate arterial stiffness.About the gender difference of pulse wave velocity,some controversies exist.In this paper,several factors affecting the differences such as height,aging,sex steroids,which affect the arterial structure and function and bring the gender difference,are reviewed relatively in detail.In addition,several aspects including measurement accuracy,analyzing method and the characteristics of sample population,which may induce the difference of PWV results,are also briefly reviewed.Meanwhile,some existing controversies are indicated objectively to further possible research interests in this field.

Gravity is the most fundamental biomechanical stimulus for posture change.Pressure of blood flow is one of primary indicators to evaluate cardiovascular performance.Up to now, the underlying mechanism of effects of posture change on cardiovascular system is still unclear.A 3D FSI mathematical model with posture change was presented.By applying the body force terms to the fluid equation and the vessel wall equation, the model could be used to study posture change and the effects of gravity on the pressure of blood flow quantitively.Under different inlet-outlet pressure difference(IODP) and different postures such as horizontal, upright and upside-down one, the effects of gravity were simulated.In horizontal position, the pressure distributions of blood flow transformed from 2D(two-dimensional) axis-symmetry without gravity to 3D asymmetry with gravity under small IODP.With IODP increasing, gravity had less effects on pressure distribution and extreme value.As IODP reached 10 665.6 Pa(80 mmHg) and 2 666.4 Pa(20 mmHg) respectively, this effect was observed to be constant.Similar results were obtained from 3D fluid-only model.In either upright or upside-down position, 2D axis-symmetric pressure distribution was observed with and without gravity, yet the position, in which extreme pressure appeared, was different in upright position from that in upside-down one.Finally, the effect intensity of gravity in upright or upside-down position was more than twice as much as that in horizontal one.The results indicate that introducing body force term into the fluid and solid equations to present a novel model, which was based on hemodynamics, will provide a new way to study posture change.Effects of gravity on pressure distribution and extreme value changed with different postures and IODP.If IODP is small, ignoring effect of gravity and postures so as to simplify the hemodynamics model to 2D axis-symmetric one, the conclusion should be drawn with caution.

Objective:To study the effect of sufentanil combined with dezocine on the PCIA after abdominal operation. Methods:Totally 110 patients undergoing abdominal operation were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group with 55 cases in each. The two groups were both treated with electronic analgesia pump for the PCIA after the operation. The control group was given dezocine 0. 3 mg·kg-1 ,and the experimental group was given sufentanil injections 0. 1 g·kg-1 plus dezocine 0. 3 mg·kg-1 . The VAS score,adverse drug reactions,Ramesay scores,press number of patient controlled analgesia,exhaust time,recovery time of bowel sounds and bowel audio rate index in the two groups were compared to evaluate the effect of PCIA. Results:All the observed in-dices in the experimental group were significantly better than those in the control group(P<0. 01). The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0. 01). Conclusion:Sufentanil combined with dezocine for the PCIA after abdominal operation shows significantly analgesic and sedative effects,and can notably improve the clinical symptoms,which is worthy of clinical application.

Objective To investigate the characteristic and satisfaction degree of clinical applica-tion of "fingers pain score model" from the aspects of nurses and patients in order to evaluated the fea- sibility and pragmatism of the model. Methods "Fingers pain score model" was designed and to-gether with the NRS- 10 scale were applied in clinic for 2 years. Evaluation from both nurses and patients were in-vestigated after two-year probation, and the results underwent χ<'2> test. Results Evaluation from nurses on convenience, fidelity, communication and satisfaction of "fingers pain score model"were all sig-nificantly higher compared with the control. And evaluation from patients on direct-viewing,accuracy,re-ception and satisfaction of "fingers pain score model"were different from the NRS- 10 control, except for the fidelity. Conclusions Outweighing the NRS- 10 scale, the "fingers pain score model" is a better choice to meet the needs of the nurses and patients in pain evaluation in clinic.

AIM:To establish the quality standard for Shengxue Micro Capsules(melanteritum,Cortex Cinnamo-(mi,) Endoconcha Sepiae,Colla Corii asini,Placenta Hominis). METHODS: The melanteritum,Endoconcha sepiae was identified by physic-chemical analysis. Cortex Cinnamomi was identified by TLC.UV was employed for the assay of FeSO_4.GC was used to determine Cinnamaldehyde of Shengxue Micro Capsules. RESULTS: Green vitriol,Endoconcha sepiae could be identified by physico-chemical analysis.Cortex Cinnamomi could be identified by TLC.The linear range of FeSO_4 was within 0～20 mg,r = 0.999 8;The average recovery of assay was(96.7%.) The linear range of cinnamaldehyde was within 0.157 5～0.551 4 ?g,r = 0.999 8;The average(recovery) of assay was 101.52%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, reproducible.It could be used for(quality) control of Shengxue Micro Capsules.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for further formulation of the rational use of vancomycin. METHODS:Retro-spective analysis was conducted on the related information of discharged patients who intravenously used vancomycin from Jun. 2013 to Dec. 2014. RESULTS:178 patients were enrolled,with average age of 59.6 and 73.60% male,who were mainly with lung infectious(74.72%). Support examinations were sufficient before using of vancomycin. 66.29% patients were empirically giv-en vancomycin with pathogenic detection rate of 85.39%. 71.91% patients were conducted therapeutic drug monitoring with only 47.54% of first blood samples achieved the target range. CONCLUSIONS:Vancomycin application is generally rational in our hos-pital. However,issues like duration of empirical therapy,rational therapeutic monitoring,and individualized start dosing still need to be noticed.

Objective To evaluate the influences of laryngeal mask airway(LMA) combined with epidural anesthesia on hemodynamics in hypertensive patients.Methods 72 gynecological patients with stage Ⅰ to Ⅱ hypertension were randomly divided into four groups(n=18 for each):general anesthesia with tracheal intubation(group G) or LMA(group L),combination of epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia with tracheal intubation(group GE) or LMA(group LE).BP,HR,ECG,SpO2 were monitored in different time.Intraoperative awareness,the time of extubation or LMA removal and anesthetic dosages were recorded.Results During insertion of the tube or LMA,SBP,DBP,HR were significantly higher than those before anesthesia in group G and GE(P

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression levels of three T-type calcium channel receptors (α1G; α1H; α1I) in the cochlea and spiral ganglion neurons of C57BL/6J mice with different ages. METHOD: Thirty cases of C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups (6-8 W, 24-26 W, 42-44 W) according to the age. The expressions of three T-type calcium channel receptors were quantified by RT-PCR after hearing thresholds measured by ABR. RESULT: Three receptors were detected in the cochlea and spiral ganglion neurons of 6-8 W C57BL/6J mice. The quantitative results showed that the expression levels of α1H and α1I were highest among three receptors in spiral ganglion neurons and in the cochlea respectively. The expression levels of three receptors significantly decreased with age,especially at the age of 4244 W. CONCLUSION The expression of T-type calcium channel receptors reduced with age in the inner ear of C57BL/6J mice.
Animals ; Calcium Channels ; Calcium Channels, T-Type ; biosynthesis ; Cochlea ; metabolism ; Ear, Inner ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurons ; Receptors, Calcium-Sensing ; Spiral Ganglion ; metabolism

Objective:To study the factors influencing the happiness of dementia patients and their caregivers,provide guidance for improving their well-being.Methods:A total of 94 pairs of patients and their caregivers who were admitted to the neurology department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from April 2015 to April 2016 were selected, the demographics of each patient and their caregivers were recorded. The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) of patients with dementia, Role of Overload Scale(ROS) of caregivers, Dyadic Relationship Strain(DRS), Quality of Life for Dementia(QOL-D), Self-Evaluation Scale-Depression(CES-D) were recorded. Layered linear model was used to make regression analysis between the influencing factors and the scores of QOL-D and CES-D.Results:The results of the multi-layer linear model of uncontrolled variables in the fixed effect model: the results of QOL-D suggested that the score of patients with dementia was β 1j= 31.01±0.77, and the score of caregivers was β 2j= 35.15±0.88; the results of CES-D suggested that the scores of dementia patients and caregivers were β 1j = 14.55 ± 1.03 and β 2j = 13.11 ± 1.44, respectively. The random effects model suggested that there were statistical differences in the heterogeneity of the QOL-D score and the CES-D score variance component for dementia patients and caregivers (χ 2 values were 98.94-168.06, P<0.01). It indicated that the data was heterogeneous, adjusting the level 2 model, and the final results in the adjusted regression analysis suggested: caregiver relationship pressure (DRS), dementia patient self-awareness assessment (MMSE), caregiver care-related stress (ROS), dementia patient relationship stress (DRS) significantly affected the quality of life score (QOL-D) in both well-being ( β values were -3.22-0.43, P<0.05). Dementia patient relationship stress (DRS), caregiver-related stress (ROS), and caregiver relationship stress (DRS) significantly affected depressive symptoms in both well-being ( β values were 5.34, 3.26, 1.62, P<0.05). Conclusions:A comprehensive assessment of dementia patients and caregivers is needed. The combined family relationship is tense and the pressure associated with caregivers needs to be psychologically counseled.

Interleukin family plays an important role in cleating the infection of Toxoplasma gondii in the body of host such as destroying the infected cells,constructing immunity system and regulating immunity balance,and so on.Here we reviewed the role of several important interleukin family members so as to provide scientific basis for the treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection.