Phyllanthus emblica L.and Terminalia chebula Retz.were the most common Tibetan medicines.The combination of Phyllanthus emblica L.,Terminalia chebula Retz.and Term inalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.was known as Triphala,which was the basis of the most frequently-used prescriptions.The present study summarized and made a further comparison between Phyllanthus emblica L.and Terminalia chebula Retz.over chemical constituents and pharmacological activities,which provided evidence for their clinical use and the basic theory.

Phyllanthus emblica L.has a long history and is abundant in the world.It was used for treating various diseases in nearly twenty countries or nations in regard to traditional medicine system.By retrieving Tibetan medicine in classical books,recent literatures and clinical studies,the application of Phyllanthus emblica in traditional Tibetan medicine system was introduced,including its utilization in hypertension,indigestion,abdominal distension,cough and arthralgia and their related diseases.In the sight of modern pharmacological research,the theory Tibetan medicine of explained Phyllanthus emblica scientifically.Its related researches and development prospects were also deliberated for further researches and various applications,which demonstrated the value of the development of new drugs and health products.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of tannins extracted from Tibetan medicine Phyllanthi Fructus on cytochrome P450 enzyme of liver microsomes in rats.Cocktail probe substrates were incubated with liver microsomes in vitro.Metabolic elimination percentages of the six probe substrates,including dapsone,dextromethorphan hydrobromide,coumarin,phenacetin,chlorzoxazone and tolbutamide,were determined by HPLC.The effects of tannins extracted from Tibetan medicine Phyllanthi Fructus on the enzymatic activity of rat liver microsomal P450s was evaluated.It was found that tannins extracted from Phyllanthi Fructus did not impact P450 enzymes.The IC50 values of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 were over 200 μg·mL-1,while the IC50 value of CYP2C9 was superior to 500 tg·mL-1.In conclusion,Tannins extracted from Tibetan medicine Phyllanthi Fructus did not significantly affect cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Phyllanthus emblica L.,related to common Tibetan medicine,has a function on clearing heat and cooling blood,promoting digestion and invigorating stomach,and producing saliva and slaking thirst.The compound of Dasanguo,made of Phyllanthus emblica,F.terminalia billericae and F.chebula,was a widely used preparation in Tibetan medicine,and was also a basic formula in other prescriptions.This study summarized the untilization of Phyllanthus emblica in traditional Tibetan medicine and elucidated the effects of Phyllanthus emblica in the compounds of Tibetan medicine,which provided a reference for the studies of Tibetan medicine and its modern application.

Objective To study the relationship between circumferential resection margin status and prognosis of patients with middle and lower rectal cancer.Methods Specimens from 49 patients with middle and lower rectal cancer undergoing total mesorectal excision were studied by the large slice pathologic technique.The local recurrence,metastasis and five-year survival rate were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier Survival analysis.The related clinicopathologic factors were also analyzed.Results The cancer involvement rate of the circumferential resection margins was 24%(12/49).The overall local recurrence rate was 12%(6/49),the distant metastasis and recurrence rate was 27%(13/49),and the five-year survival rate was 67%(33/49).For the 12 patients in which the eircumferential resection margin was tumor positive.the local recurrence rate was 33%compared with 5%in those with negative circumferential resection margin(X2=6.577,P=0.010),distant recurrence was 50%compared with 19%in those with tumor negative margin(X2=4.491,P=0.034).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patient's survival time was statistically correlative with the circumferential resection margin status(log-rank.P=0.009).Five-year survival rate was 33%in patients with positive circumferential resection margin,compared with 78%in those with negative margins.Tumor diameter(X2=4.451,P=0.035),T staging (X2=20.283,P=0.000),N staging(X2=7.773,P=0.018),the distance away from the anocutaneous line(X2=6.502,P=0.04),tumor location(X2=4.421,P=0.035)and operation type(X2=5.754,P=0.016)were significantly correlated with the circumferential resection margin status of the middle and lower rectal cancer.Conclusions The circumferential resection margin status was an important predictor of local and distant recurrence as well as survival of patients with middle and lower rectal carcinoma.and the status is significantly correlated with tumor diameter,T staging,N staging,the distance away from the anocutaneous line,tumor location and operation type.

AIM: To look for harmfulless anti-leukemia drug with selective high performance, lethal effect of small hairpin RNA (shRNA) on VEGFR2 gene expression of tumor cell line HL60 in vitro.METHODS: The most effective VEGFR2 siRNA was designed and screened. The shRNA oligo was designed and pU6/VEGFR2 entry clone was constructed. HL60 was transfected transiently and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR2) expression was tested with MTT assay, RT-PCR and Western blotting. The expression clone was constructed and cotransfected with ViraPowerTM Packaging Mix into 293FTTM cells to produce Lentiviral vectors harboring Lenti6/shVEGFR2. The virion supernatant was added into HL60 cells and VEGFR2 gene inhibitory effect was determined. RESULTS: The inhibitory rates of VEGFR2 siRNA c were high. VEGFR2 expression in HL60 was inhibited by using pU6/VEGFR2 entry clone constructed with shRNA and pENTRTM/U6. For HL60 cells, the inhibitory rate was 84.9%. The expression of VEGFR2 mRNA and protein decreased significantly. 48 hours after transfection of pU6/shVEGFR2 entry clone and transduction of Lenti6/shVEGFR2 expression clone, the cell inhibitory rates were similar. Cell growth inhibitory rate of entry clone descended rapidly after this time point, the expression clone changed slowly, reaching the peak at 96 hours, dropped slightly, having no significance deviation. CONCLUSION: in vitro, VEGFR2 shRNA using lentiviral vector blocks VEGF/VEGFR2 self-secretion in HL60 cells, which inhibits leukemia development.

Phyllanthus emblica L.is related to traditional tibetan medicine,containing diversified pharmacological and physiological functions,such as anti-tumor effects,anti-inflammatory effects,anti-oxidation funtions,slow down in glycemia and blood pressure and the prevention of cardio-cerebral vascular diseases,etc.In this study,the research progress on the anti-tumor efficacy of monomer compounds and the extraction of Phyllanthus emblica L.were reviewed,providing references for the anti-tumor studies of Phyllanthus emblica L.

Triphala consists of Terminalia chebula Retz, Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Phyllanthus emblica L, which are made into Dasanguo Powder. Triphala is rich in a variety of chemical components, including tannins, phenolic acids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. The content of tannin is abundant in Triphala, which are often used as the main indicators of analysis. Modern research found that Triphala has a variety of pharmacological activities such as prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor and so on. This paper briefly summarized the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Triphala, combining the relevant national and international literature in recent years to provide reference for the development and further study of Triphala.

This paper aimed at investigating the water-soluble constituents of Terminalia billirica (Gaert.) Roxb.Compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20, Sephadex LH-20, Toyopearl HW-40, MCI gel CHP 20 P and ODS column chromatographies. The chemical structures were elucidated according to spectral data and physicochemical properties. The results showed that ten compounds were isolated and identified as corilagin, salicoside, methyl-α-Darabinofuranoside, 1, 4-dimethyl-β-d-fructopyranose, β-fructopyranose, β-fructofuranose gallic acid, ellagic acid, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranonside, Chebulagic acid. Except compound 7 and 8, others compounds are separated from Terminalia billirica (Gaert.) Roxb for the first time, and except corilgin, the other compounds are separated from Terminalia for the first time.

The aim of this work was to identify and analyze the chemical constituents of Terminalia chebular Retz by establishing high performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap/electrostatic field orbitrap combined high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) technique. With the application of C18 reverse phase column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), gradient elution was performed with methanol and water (0.2％ acetic acid) as mobile phase.In negative ionization mode, the data of LTQ-Orbitrap was collected. Accurate molecular mass of molecular ion peaks and fragment ions provided by the high-resolution mass spectrometry were compared with the literature and the reference substance to determine the possible structure of the compound. The results indicated that 62 compounds from the extract of Terminalia chebular Retz. were identified, including acids and hydrolysable tannins (60), triterpenoids (2) . There were14 compounds were detected from this specie for the first time. It is proved as an effective method to provide reference for Chemical composition mass spectrometry and the quality control in further phytochemical studies of Terminalia chebular Retz.