Vesicular glutamate transporters(VGLUTs)package specifically glutamate into synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal for subsequent release into the synaptic cleft.VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 together label all glutamatergic neurons,are highly specific markers of glutamatergic neurons and their axon terminals.VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are respectively the neurochemical marker of cortico-cortical projection and thalamo-cortical projection.VGLUT3 is also expressed in cholinergic interneurons,serotoninergic neurons,subsets of GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.The disfunction of VGLUTs can lead to the abnormal excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate,resulting in many nervous system disease.In order to give a clue for prevention and therapy of these diseases,this paper reviews the disfunction of VGLUTs effects on Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease(PD),schizophrenia,depressive disorder,epilepsy and deafness.

Objective To understand the etiopathogenesis of pancytopenia (PCP) in Sichuan area and to analyze the statistical difference in the aspects of sex ,season and age .Methods 224 cases of PCP were performed the etiological statistics on sex ,season and age by SPSS11 .0 .Results Among 224 cases of PCP ,46 cases(21% ) were megaloblastic anemia ,followed by 36 cases(16% ) of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and 27 cases(12% ) of aplastic anemia(AA) .224 cases of PCP included 110 males(49 .10% ) and 114 females(50 .90% ) ,there was no statistical difference between sexes (P>0 .05) .In the seasons groups ,most of the patients went to see doctor and were diagnosed in the fourth quarter (32% ) and the first quarter was least (13% ) ,the difference between them had statistical significance(P<0 .05);In the age groups ,the age group of 45- <65 years old was the highest(36 .71% ) and the age group of less than 18 years was lowest(3 .57% ) ,the difference between them had statistical significance(P<0 .05) .Conclu-sion Megaloblastic anemia is the main etiology causing PCP in Sichuan area ,and the next is MDS and AA .The sex has no statisti-cal significance to the patients with PCP ,while the incidence rate in the aspects of season and age has statistical significance .

Aim To disclose the molecular mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang decoction(LW)enhances the cognitive function of central nervous system, the effects of Liuwei Dihuang decoction on the differential expression genes in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse was studied. Methods There were 8 gene expression patterns, such as SAMP8 and SAMR1, SAMP8 as negative control and SAMR1 as positive control, huperzine A-treated SAMP8 and SAMP8 as negative control, LW-treated SAMP8 and SAMP8 as negative control, were compared and assessed by use of the differential expression cDNA microarray of the hippocampus of SAMP8 and SAMR1. The response genes of LW were compared. Results LW had significant modulating effects on some of the gene expressions. Expressions of genes, such as DUSP12, NSF, STUB1, CaMKⅡ?, AMFR, UQCRFS1 and other 11 novel genes without any functional clues changed significantly. These genes involved in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase family, the AAA(ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities)gene family, the serine/threonine protein kinases family, ubiquitin ligase, mitochondrial function and so on. Conclusions These results suggested LW effects on the cognitive impairments might be multi-mechanism and these genes might be the potential gene targets for LW effects on the impairments.

Luteinizing hormone(LH)is a gonadotropin of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis(HPG),secreted by the anteri?or pituitary. The secretion of LH is directly controlled by the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH),acts at the ovaries and testes to stimulate the production of gonadal hormones. Aging leads to increases in LH,and higher serum levels of LH has been ob?served in Alzheimer′s disease(AD)patients when compared to age-matched controls. Evidences from basic research and epidemiologi?cal investigation support the critical role of elevated LH in pathogenic process of AD and deteriorating cognitive decline. Here we sum?marize the recent discoveries containing human AD epidemiological evidence for LH,cognitive impairments resulting from LH activi?ty,LH in AD pathology and LH receptor signaling mechanisms.

The Eph protein family,consisting of Eph receptors and their corresponding membrane-anchored protein ligands-Ephrin,is no doubt the largest receptor protein tyrosine kinases family till now.Interactions between Eph receptors and Ephrin ligands based on their special structure might make the Eph protein family one of new targets of disease′s treatment and consequently studies related to Eph proteins and their receptors have draw more and more attention.This overview will focus on recent progresses in the classification,gene expression,protein structure,function and protein-receptor interactions of the Eph protein family and their receptors.Much of the focus of this overview is on their physiological and pathophysiological role in nervous system and their therapeutic perspective from several aspects.

Objective To explore the relationship between serum expression of c-met protein and clinic pathological features in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) of Kazakh and Han people. Methods A total of 50 samples of ESCC and its corresponding adjacent tissues of Kazak and Han patients were collected. The expression of c-met protein was detected by immunohistochemistry assay. The serum c-met protein was detected in 40 Kazak and Han ESCC samples and 40 Kazak and Han controls using ELISA method. Results The positive expression rates of c-met protein were higher in Kazak and Han esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients than those in its corresponding adjacent tissues respectively. And the serum expression rates of c-met protein were higher in Kazak and Han esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients than those of healthy controls. There were significant differences in the different tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma tissue and serum between groups, in which the infiltrated deep muscle and se?rous breakthrough (T3+T4) were higher than the infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa group (T1+T2), with lymph node metastasis was higher than that without lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage of ⅡB+Ⅲwas higher than that ofⅠ+ⅡA. There was no significant difference in the expression of c-met protein between ethnicity, gender, age and degree of differenti?ation. Conclusion The c-met protein expression is related to the occurrence and development, the invasion, metastasis and TNM stage of ESCC in Kazak and Han nationalities. The high expression of c-met protein in tissue and serum may indicate the invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer and prompt a late clinical stage.

Technologies for glycomics usually involve methods for separation and purification of poly-saccharides, and separation, structure resolution, quantification, property investigation and function comment of glycan chains. Because of the different biochemical properties of glycoproteins, proteogly-cans and glycolipids, the separation and purification of polysaccharides involve corresponding fractional precipitation, boric acid affinity, titanium dioxide, affinity chromatography, size exclusion method, and gel filtration chromatography column chromatography methods. The lectins, water affinity chromatogra-phy , solid phase extraction and other technologies could be applied to the oil enrichment of high pure and specific glycan chains. The structure of glycan chains can be analyzed using lectin microarray technolo-gy, mass spectrometry, and derivatization markers of glycan chains. lsotope labelling and metabolic labeling can be used to quantify glycan chains. The glycan biological function can be better understood using glycan chain structure analysis software and database of glycan chains by bioinformatics.

Objective To study the value of hCG ratio of blood in peritoneal cavity versus venous blood (RPhCG/VhcG) in diagnosis of early ectopic pregnancy (EP).Methods From Mar.2009 to Oct.2012,268 cases with EP (EP group) and 53 women with intrauterine pregnancy with haemoperitoneum (hIUP) (hIUP group) from International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 6th People Hospital and Shanghai Jiangwan Hospital were enrolled in this prospective study.The HCG of all subjective were measured in blood in peritonea cavity and venous blood,then calculate the ratio of RPhCG/VhCG.Scatter point analysis and ROC were used to differentiate EP,determine threshold of hlUP and evaluate the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy in diagnosis EP preoperatively.Results The mean RPhCG/VhCG; of EP group was 4.35,which was significantly higher than 0.81 in hIUP group (P ＜ 0.01).Scatter point analysis showed that the threshold value of RPhCG/VhCG between ectopic pregnancy and hIUP was 1.0.The overall sensitivity of RPhCG/VhcG in the diagnosis of EP was 98％,the specificity was 100％,the positive predictive value was 100％ and the negtive predictive value was 93％.Conclusion RPhCG/VhCG ＞ 1.0 could be used to diagnose and differentiate EP from hIUP accurately.

Objective To explore the effects of trimetazidine (TMZ) on newly onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in coronary artery disease patients. Methods Using nested-case-control study and a total of 639 coronary artery patients but without T2DM were enrolled. All the patients were followed-up until March, 2015. T2DM was diagnosed with OGTT. The effects of TMZ on T2DM onset, serum levels of fatty acid, HbA1c and insulin were analyzed. Results At the end of the followed-up, a total of 103 T2DM patients were identified. TMZ is still an independent risk factor of newly onset of T2DM after confounding factors were adjusted. TMZ therapy reduced serum HbA1c, FFA and insulin levels. Besides, TMZ treatment was related to proper time to reach the peak of insulin secretion. Conclusion TMZ therapy can reduce newly onset of T2DM in coronary artery disease patients. The affects of lowering serum FFA, which caused insulin resistance, may be its underlying mechanism.

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of combining repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at low frequency with xing nao kai qiao acupuncture in the treatment of upper limb motor dysfunction after a stroke.Methods:Forty stroke survivors with upper limb motor dysfunction were randomly divided into a control group and a combination group, each of 20. All received basic neurological medication, conventional rehabilitation treatment, and xing nao kai qiao acupuncture. The combination group additionally received rTMS. Both groups were treated once a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks consecutively. Before and after the treatment, both groups were evaluated using the Brunnstrom motor function stages, modified Ashworth spasticity grades, Fugl-Meyer upper limb motor function (FMA-UE) scoring, the modified Barthel index (MBI), and motor evoked potential (MEP) latency and amplitude.Results:The upper-limb and hand motor functioning of both groups improved significantly compared with before the treatment. The hand motor function staging of the combination group was then significantly better than among the control group. The average FMA-UE and MBI scores of both groups improved significantly, with significantly greater improvement in the combination group than in the control group. MEP latency and amplitude also improved significantly in both groups, with the average MEP latency and amplitude of the combination group superior to the control group′s averages.Conclusion:Supplementing xing nao kai qiao acupuncture with low-frequency rTMS can significantly improve the motor functioning, spasticity, and skill in the activities of daily living of stroke survivors with upper limb motor dysfunction.