With the development of capsule endoscopy, developing active capsule endoscopy robot becomes a growing trend. Although stomach diagnosis with robot has been put into clinical test, the realization of the complete intestinal capsule endoscopy is still a difficulty. This paper reports the status quo of the research process for intestinal capsule endoscopy robot, and analyzes their advantages, defects and prospects for development, which provides reference for the research of intestinal capsule endoscopy robot.
Capsule Endoscopy ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Intestines ; Robotics ; trends

Objective To analyze diagnostic classification and karyotype characteristics of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS)in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Methods 149 patients with MDS were retrospective observed.The features of clinical,laboratory examination,morphologic and cytogenetics were analyzed from patients classified by the 2008 WHO classification.The rates of survival and leukemia conversion in different subgroups,the differences between uygur and han nationalities,and the rates of abnormal karyotypes in different subgroups were compared.Results Among 149 cases,there were 28 cases of RCUD(including 25 RA and 3 RN),8 cases of RARS,32 cases of RCMD,30 cases of RAEB-Ⅰ,44 cases of RAEB-1,5 cases of MDS-U and 2 cases of 5q-.There was no difference between uygur and han nationality of diagnostic classification(x2=3.627,P=0.822).The overall survival time and AML conversion rates were different among subtype groups.Karyotype abnormalities were found in 74 cases(49.7 ％),which showed no difference between uygur and han nationalities.The distribution of karyotype were normal karyotype(72 cases),complex karyotype(34 cases),+8(14 cases),-7(11 cases),+11(7 cases),20q-(5cases),-Y(2 cases),+21(2 cases)and 5q-(2 cases),which were no differences between uygur and ban nationality(X2=10.015,P=0.264).When comparing abnormal karyotype rates in different diagnostic classification subgroups excepting 5q-,RAEB-Ⅰ and RAEB-Ⅱ subtype were higher than that of RCUD subtype(X2=7.034,P=0.008;X2=6.395,P=0.016).Conclusions According to the 2008 WHO classification,the incidence of abnormal karyotype,survival time and AML conversion rates are different among subtype groups.There are no regional and ethnical differences in distribution of diagnostic classification and karyotype in patients with MDS in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Objective To investigate the tumor-inhibitory effect of cytokine-induced killer cells(CIK)co-cul-tured with dendritic cells (DC)pulsed by breast cancer stem cell antigen on the same tumor-bearing mice. Methods Breast cancer stem cells were isolated from the cell line of MCF-7/ADR and extract lyses antigen of the stem cell was saved. DC and CIK derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy individuals were co-cultured and pulsed or un-pulsed by the above antigen lyses. This DC+CIK were injected to breast tumorbearing mice (BCSC-AP-DC+CIK group), and were used to compared with the common breast cancer cell antigen (rather than breast cancer stem cell antigen) pulsed DC+CIK group(AP-DC+CIK group), DC+CIK group, CIK CIK group and normal saline group(NS group). The tumor-inhibitory effect were evaluated and compared among all 5 groups through the tumor size, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling test (TUNEL), examining expression level of bcl-2 and bax by immunohistochemistry. Results The tumor size in each group before and after therapy and the tumor size after therapy between each group was of significant difference(P＜0.05). The maximum size is NS group(3.625±0.093)cm3 and BCSC-AP-DC+CIK group is minimum,which is (1.234±0.131)cm3. BC-SC-AP-DC+CIK group is of highest expression of bax and apoptotic index value, lowest bcl-2 expression in all 5 groups. Conclusion The CIK co-cultured with DC pulsed breast cancer stem cell antigen was more effective to induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells than those of CIK cells co-cultured with DC pulsed breast cancer cell antigen,CIK cells co-cultured with DC and CIK cells.

Objectives To explore the intrinsic factors related to the pathogenesis of acute arterial thrombosis (AAT) and to elucidate the patho-genesis of AAT on the basis of differentially expressed genes. Methods Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stable angina (SA) and healthy controls (n=20 per group) were recruited, and the whole human genome microarray analysis was performed to detect the dif-ferentially expressed genes among these subjects. Results Patients with AMI had disease-specific gene expression pattern. Biological func-tional analysis showed the function of T cells was significantly reduced, the mitochondrial metabolism significantly decreased, the ion me-tabolism was abnormal, the cell apoptosis and inflammatory reaction increased, the phagocytosis elevated, the neutrophil-mediated immunity increased and the post-traumatic repair of cells and tissues increased in AMI patients. The biological function in SA group and healthy con-trols remained stable and was comparable. Conclusions The reduced function of T cell gene models in AAT showed the dysfunction of the immune system. The pathogenesis of AAT may be related to the inflammatory reaction after arterial intima infection caused by potential pathogenic microorganisms.

Objective:To investigate whether elderly patients over 70 years of age with gastric stump carcinoma should be treated with operation and which surgical approaches should be selected.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 36 patients with gastric stump carcinoma without any significant surgical contraindications hospitalized in lanzhou general hospital of lanzhou military area from January 2001 to January 2013.All these patients were over 70 years of age,with an active score of 0-3.The patients were divided into surgical and non-surgical treatment groups,and the surgical treatment group was further subdivided into radical surgery group and palliative surgery group.The treatment modalities,complications and survival of each group were analyzed.Results:A one-year and a three-year survival rate of surgical treatment group was 45.5％ and 22.7％,respectively,whereas the one-year and three-year survival rate of non-surgical treatment group was only 18.2％ and 0％,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).In the surgical treatment group,the radical surgery subgroup had a better survival rate than palliative surgery subgroup,with a one-year and a three-year survival rate of 58.3％ and 33.3％ respectively for the former,and 30％ and 10％ for the latter.The incidence of complications of radical surgery group and palliative surgery group was of no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions:Elderly patients over 70 years of age with gastric stump carcinoma can still benefit from radical surgery;while palliative surgery does not improve the survival rate of the patients,radical surgery is appropriate for elderly patients with gastric stump carcinoma.

Recent studies demonstrate that the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), pseudogenes, circular RNAs (circRNAs) and so on can be used as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), binding to microRNAs (miRNAs), to regulate the expression level of their targets.This novel interplay optimizes traditional liner miRNA→RNA pattern and has become a research hotspot in the scientific community.Dysregulation of ceRNA interplay will influence the body′s normal life activities, leading to the occurrence of diseases, and even tumor formation.This article briefly introduces the key components of ceRNA crosstalk and its research progress in gastric cancer pathogenesis, so as to provide a new thought for cancer research, clinical diagnosis and therapeutics.

Objective To observe the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) based on a normal walking pattern on the lower extremity function of subjects early after cerebral infarction.Methods Twenty patients with cerebral infarction aged (59.7 ± 10.1) years (range 45-80) who were hospitalized and within 3 months (31.1 ± 19.3 days) after the onset were randomly assigned to an FES group (n =11) or a placebo stimulation group (n =9).All subjects in both groups received standard medical and rehabilitation treatment.In addition,the FES group received FES and the placebo group received sham-FES without current output.The daily stimulation and shamstimulation sessions lasted for 30 min,5 d/week for 3 weeks.All of the subjects in the two groups were assessed using the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA),postural assessment for stroke patients (PASS),the Berg balance scale (BBS),functional ambulation categories (FACs) and the modified Barthel index (MBI).Results After 3 weeks of treatment,FMA,PASS,BBS and MBI scores had all improved significantly compared with before treatment in both groups,but the FES group showed significantly better improvement.After treatment the average FAC results of both groups had improved,and there was no significant difference between the two groups.At the same time,the research revealed the expected significant correlations among the FMA,PASS,BBS and MBI results.Conclusion FES based on a normal walking pattern can improve lower extremity motor function early after cerebral infarction,improve balance,and improve ability in the activities of daily living.

Objective To analysis the T lymphocyte subsets distribution of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)-RA and-RCMD,assess the immune status of MDS patients,and analysis the effects of cyclosporine on T lymphocyte subsets.Methods Using flow cytometry (FCM) on MDS-RA and -RCMD patients and 13 normal controls peripheral blood samples for T lymphocyte subsets,detection of patients with RA and RCMD lymphocyte subsets before and after 6 months of treatment in the application of cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimen.Results The MDS group Th cells (CD; CD;),Th/Ts ratio were lower than those in normal control group (t =13.39,3.64,all P ＜ 0.05).Ts cells (CD3+ CD8+) express higher than that in normal control group [(29.07±3.88) ％ vs (21.80±3.63) ％] (t =6.47,P ＜ 0.05).Before and after treatment of Th cells,Th / Ts ratio,Ts cells of T lymphocyte subset were significant difference [(35.72±5.02) ％,(29.07±3.88) ％,(1.89±0.51) ％ vs (38.19±4.98) ％,(26.03±3.03) ％,(1.96±0.35)％] (t =0.39,2.65,3.57,all P ＜ 0.05).Cyclosporine treatment after 6 months of effective and ineffective group of T cell subsets,Th cells (CD3+ CD4+),Th/Ts ratio of T lymphocyte subsets,there was significant difference in Ts cells [(42.79±7.74) ％ vs (36.46±.1.28) ％,(22.14±.3.91) ％ vs (27.51±2.84) ％,(2.40±0.40) ％ vs (2.08±0.11) ％](t =67.65,3.77,3.57,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion MDS patients with T-lymphocyte subsets immune disorders lead to immune dysfunction,cyclosporine may improve the imbalance of T lymphocyte subsets of MDS patients.

Objective To explore the effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUC?MSCs) on podocytic apoptosis and injury induced by high glucose (HG) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Podocytes were divided into six groups according to treatment: ⑴ normal glucose group (NG);⑵high glucose group (HG);⑶mannitol control group (NG+Ma);⑷HUC?MSC co?culture group (HUC?MSCs); ⑸ recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor treatment group (rhHGF);⑹ neutralizing antibody group(HGF?NtAb). Cytometry and Hoechst staining were used to detect the apoptosis rates. Western blot was used to measure the ratio of active PARP to total PARP and the level of Bcl?2. Immunofluorescence was used to study podocytic apoptosis and injury. Neutralizing antibody (NtAb) was used to block its function and the recombinant cytokine was added to induce its function. Results High glucose induced podocytic apoptosis in a time?dependent manner, HUC?MSCs co?culture decreased the podocytic apoptosis rate and the expression of PARP (all P﹤0.05), increased the expression of Bcl?2, prevented the reduced expression and maintained the normal arrangement of podocytic podoplanin. The rhHGF prevented podocytic apoptosis and injury similarly to HUC?MSCs, the beneficial effect of HUC?MSC decreased when blockade of HGF. Conclusions HUC?MSCs co?culture ameliorates podocytic apoptosis and injure induced by HG, probably through secreting soluble HGF.

Objective To investigate expression differences of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related gene mRNAs among acute myocar-dial infarction (AMI), stable angina (SA) and control groups, and then discuss their expression characteristics in the stable angina pectoris (SAP) and AMI stages of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarrays were applied to assess the differential expression characteristics of neutrophil and mononuclear phagocyte related mRNAs in patients with AMI (n=20), SA (n=20) and controls (n=20). Results (1) Almost all colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and their receptors related mRNAs was up-regulated in AMI and SA groups compared with the control group, and the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) mRNAs in the AMI group was significantly up-regulated com-pared with the other two groups (P<0.01). (2) The expression of mRNAs related to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), CCR2 (MCP-1 receptor) and CXCR2 (IL-8 receptor) was significantly up-regulated (P<0.01) in AMI group compared with SA and control groups. IL-8 mRNA expression in the AMI group was clearly higher than the controls (P<0.05). (3) All mRNAs expression related to opsonic re-ceptors (IgG FcR and C3bR/C4bR) was significantly up-regulated in AMI group compared with SA and control group (P<0.01), and the SA group showed an upward trend compared with controls. (4) Most pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-related mRNAs expression was up-regulated in AMI group compared with SA and control groups. Most toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNAs expression was significantly up-regulated (P<0.01) than the SA and control groups;macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR) mRNA was significantly up-regulated in AMI group compared with the control group (P<0.01), and the SA group showed an upward trend compared with the controls. Conclusions The expression of most neutrophil and mononuclear-macrophage function related genes mRNAs was significantly up-regulated by stages during the progression of CAD, suggesting that the adhesive, chemotactic and phagocytic functions of neutrophil and mononuclear-ma-crophage were strengthened in the occurrence and development of coronary atherosclerosis and AMI. This also showed a stepped up-ward trend as the disease progressed.