Objective: To investigate the level and influencing factors of health literacy among the elderly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, so as to provide the evidence for developing the strategy to improve health literacy among the elderly. Methods: A total of 3 125 residents at ages of 60 years and older were recruited from Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture with a multistage random cluster sampling method from June to September, 2021. The level of health literacy was investigate among the elderly using the Questionnaire on the Health Literacy among Chinese Residents, and factors affecting the health literacy were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 3 125 questionnaires were allocated and 3 022 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 96.70%. The respondents included 1 562 men (51.69%) and 1 460 women (48.31%), and had a mean age of (67.37±5.78) years. The participants included 1 234 individuals with an ethnic minority (40.83%). The overall prevalence of health literacy was 5.99% among participants, and the prevalence rates of basic healthy knowledge and attitudes, healthy lifestyles and behaviors and basic health-related skills were 13.57%, 8.97% and 7.67%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified Han Ethnicity (OR=2.266, 95%CI: 1.497-3.431), educational level (illiteracy/semi-illiteracy, OR=0.097, 95%CI: 0.038-0.246; primary school, OR=0.125, 95%CI: 0.051-0.303; junior high school, OR=0.276, 95%CI: 0.113-0.672; high school/vocational high school/technical secondary school, OR=0.307, 95%CI: 0.125-0.757), enterprise workers (OR=1.791, 95%CI: 1.089-2.947) and annual household income of less than 10 000 RMB (OR=0.526, 95%CI: 0.294-0.940) as factors affecting health literacy among the elderly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Conclusions The level of health literacy is low among the elderly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and ethnicity, educational level, occupation and annual household income are main factors affecting the level of health literacy among the elderly in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

Objective To investigate the association between leukoaraiosis (LA) and early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Methods Clinical data of 328 patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted in the hospital from January 2013 to January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.According to the changes of National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores within 72 h after admission,88 patients (26.8%) were identified as END.Clinical manifestations,laboratory tests and radiographic findings were compared between END group and non-END group.ResultsUnivariate analysis indicated that age [(74.6±11.0) vs.(70.7±11.8) years,t=2.67,P=0.01],female sex [51.1% (45/ 88) vs.38.8%(93/240),χ2=4.05,P=0.04],initial NIHSS [M(Q1,Q3) 6(3,9) vs.3 (2,6),χ2=-4.38,P=0.00],systolic blood pressure [(155±28) vs.(149±20) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),t=2.04,P=0.04],responsible artery occlusion [18.2% (16/88) vs.8.3%(20/240),χ2=6.39,P=0.01],white cell count [(7.8±2.7) 109 vs.(7.1±2.2) 109,t=2.32,P=0.02],fasting blood glucose [(7.2±2.6) vs.(6.6±2.4) mmol/L,t=2.00,P<0.05] and C-reactive protein level [(24.5±27.1) vs.(14.6±23.2) g/L,t=3.25,P=0.00] were significantly different between END group and non-END group.After adjustment of confounding factors,LA in periventricular with Fazekas grade 2 (OR=2.309,95%CI: 1.070-4.984,P=0.03) and Fazekas grade 3 (OR=2.861,95%CI: 1.214-6.742,P=0.02) and LA in centrum semiovale with Fazekas grade 3 (OR=3.047,95%CI: 1.244-7.461,P=0.02) were independently associated with END.Conclusion Leukoaraiosis in periventricular group and centrum semiovale are associated with early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Objective To investigate the pharmacodynamics of different local anesthetics administered intrathecally for elderly patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Methods Ninety ASA Ⅰ - Ⅲ elderly patients, aged 69-82 yr, with body mass index less than 30 kg/m2 , undergoing TURP under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 30 each): levobupivacaine group (group L), ropivacaine group (group R) and bupivacaine group (group B). Group L, R and B received intrathecai (IT) 0.5 % levobupivacaine, 0.5 % ropivacaine and 0.5 % bupivacaine respectively. The initial dose was 7,10 and 6 mg in group L, R and B respectively. The ratio of two successive doses was 0.9. If the upper sensory block reached T10 within the 20 min after IT injection, the IT analgesia was considered to be effective. The median effective dose (EDs0) and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) were calculated by Dixon. Results The ED50 and 95% CI of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine were 6.781 (95% CI 6.561-7.024) mg, 9.135 (95%CI8.670-9.616) mg and 5.170 (95% CI 5.012-5.333) ng respectively. The relative potency ratio between levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine is 0.76∶0.57∶1.00. ConclusionThe relative potency ratio be tween levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine is 0.76∶0.57∶1.00.

Objective:To develop a biotin-streptavidin system (BAS)-mediated folate receptor (FR)-targeted quantum dot (QD) fluorescent probe and preliminarily validate the targeting ability and signal amplification effect of the probe. Methods: Streptavidin (SA) was covalently coupled with QD through the active ester method;the physical characteristics of the prepared QD-SA were veri-fied. Biotinylated folate was synthesized through the carrier bovine serum albumin using the same method and then reacted with QD-SA to form the special probe. The probe was used to identify SKOV3 cells and FR-negative A549 cells to verify its targeting speci-ficity. QD-SA was used as the contrast. SKOV3 cells were imaged using the BAS-mediated FR-targeted QD probe with a biotinylated folate incubation time of 1 or 4 h. Various reaction times were also tested between the probe and the QD-FA that was formed without BAS mediation. Results:The BAS-mediated FR-targeted QD probe specifically recognized FR-positive SKOV3 cells. The probe ob-tained higher fluorescent intensity after 4 h than after 1 h of biotinylated folate incubation. The BAS-mediated FR-targeted QD probe al-so had a stronger fluorescent signal than the QD-FA probe. Conclusion:The proposed probe presents a great potential in the early diag-nosis of ovarian cancer because of its high specificity and sensitivity.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of low-c oncentration iso_osmolar contrast agent together with low tube voltage and iterative reconstruction algorithm in rabbit liver computed tonography (CT) perfusion imaging.Methods A total of 15 bealthy New Zealand rabbits were scanned twice of liver CT perfusion scans each with 24 hours interval.The first scan (routine group) was acquired at 100 kV and 100 mAs with ultravist (370 mg/ml),while the second (double low group) was acquired at 80 kV and 100 mAs with iodixanol (270 mg/ml) at 24 hours after the first scan.The obtained images were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) and adaptive iterative dose reduction (AIDR-3D)algorithms in the controlled and experimental groups,respectively.The perfusion parameters including hepatic artery perfusion(HAP),portal vein perfasion(PVP),hepatic perfusion index(HPI),and total liver perfusion(TLP) and image quality as image quality score,average CT value of abdomen aorta,signalto-noise ratio(SNR),carrier-to-noise ratio(CNR),and figure of merit(FOM) were compared used pair ttest or Mann-Whitney U-test between the two groups wherever appropriate.The effective radiation dose and iodine intake were also recorded and compared.Results The image quality and perfusion parameters had no significantly different between the two groups except for FOM.The effective radiation dose and iodine intake were 38.79％ and 27.03％ lower in the double low group.Conclusions Low concentration iso _osmolar contrast agent (iodixanol,270 mg/ml) together with low tube voltage (80 kV) helps to reduce radiation dose and iodine intake without compromising perfusion parameters and image quality in liver CT perfusion imaging.

Objective To investigate the correlation between chronic insomniacs' sleep quality and age,gender,education level,anxiety,depression and sympathetic skin response (SSR) in chronic insomniacs.Methods General information of 197 outpatients with chronic insomnia was recorded,including age,gender and education,etc.They were tested by Pittsburgh's Sleep Quality Index (PSQI),Hamilton's Anxiety Scale (14 item version) (HAMA14),Hamilton's Depression Scale (24 item version)(HAMD24) and Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR).Distribution properties of different age,gender and education groups were studied.Chronic insomniacs were divided into mild insomnia group (7 ≤ PSQI ＜ 14)and moderate-severe insomnia group (PSQI ≥ 14).Dependency relation analysis and stepwise linear regression analysis were conducted among indices of PSQI scores,HAMA14 scores and total score,HAMD24 scores and total score,SSR positive incidence.Results Among 197 chronic insomniacs (male,50 cases,25.4％;female,147 cases,74.6％),insomniacs aged over 40 accounted for 77.2％.Female patients were older than male patients with statistical significance,of whom those aged 40-60 years accounted for the highest proportion of 37.1％.Female patients with less education (junior high school and below)accounted for the highest proportion of 50.3％ (73/197),whose education level was generally lower than male patients.Among 197 chronic insomniacs,104 cases (52.8％,99/197) had mild insomnia and 93cases (47.2％) had moderate-severe insomnia.Total score of HAMA14 of patients with moderate-severe insomnia was significantly higher than that of patients with mild insomnia (16.47 ± 5.40 vs 12.51 ± 4.53;t =5.552,P＜0.01).There was statistically significanct difference in subitem HAMA14 scores of anxiety somatization factor (4.31 ± 2.26 vs 5.90-3.10,t =5.600,P ＜ 0.01) and spiritualized anxiety factor (10.5 ± 72.97 vs 8.20 ± 3.00,t =4.157,P ＜ 0.01) between mild and moderate-severe groups with insomnia.Total score of HAMD24 of patients with moderate-severe insomnia was significantly higher than that of patients with mild insomnia (18.04 ± 5.91 vs 13.41 ± 5.05;t=3.931,P＜ 0.01).There was statistically significanct difference in scores of most HAMD24 subitems including anxiety/somatization (3.56 ± 1.51 vs 2.94 ± 1.28;t =3.110,P =0.002),cognitive dysfunction (2.91 ± 1.68 vs 2.17 ± 1.57;t=3.191,P=0.002),retardation (2.331 ±1.31 vs 1.72 ±1.22;t=3.939,P=0.01),dyssomnia (4.51 ± 1.54 vs 3.01 ± 1.80;t =6.228,P ＜0.01) and hopelessness factor (2.29 ± 1.46 vs 1.66 ± 1.07,t =3.459,P =0.001;except body weight and diurnal variation factor) between groups with different degrees of insomnia.SSR abnormal incidences of moderate-severe insomniacs were significantly higher than that of mild insomniacs.The proportion of poorly differentiated waveform and not elicited waveform in SSR abnormal groups had statistically significant difference.The Pearson correlation analysis showed that PSQI scores in chronic insomnia patients and HAMA14,HAMD24 score as well as abnormal rate of SSR were positively correlated (r =0.439,0.465,0.249,all P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Chronic insomnia was commonly seen in middle-aged women with education level of junor high school and below.The degree of sleep quality and anxiety,depression as well as the abnormal rate of SSR was positively correlated in patients with chronic insomnia.

Although the first-line treatment regimens represented by R-CHOP have shown good efficacy in B-cell lymphoma, there are still some patients with recurrence and progression. With the advent of the era of tumor immunotherapy, the immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma has been rapidly developed, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-cell, tumor microenvironment regulation, etc. This article reviews the current status of immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma.

Objective:To characterize the clinical and epidemiological changes, treatments, and prognoses of primary esophageal small cell carcinoma (PESC). Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted using the clinical epidemiology data of 529 PESC patients se-lected from the clinical databases of 500,000 esophageal and gastric cardiac carcinomas of the Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research (1992-2015). Among these patients, 241 cases were included in the survival analysis. The five-year survival rate was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the differences in survival rates were compared using the Log-rank analysis model. Re-sults:All 529 PESC cases were analyzed, which accounted for 0.2%of esophageal cancers diagnosed in the same period. The incidence of PESC increased annually (R2=0.574). The survival rates for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year of 241 PESC patients were 55%, 40%, 29%, and 9%, respectively, and the median survival time was 21.9 months. On the basis of the VALSG criteria of lung small cell carcinoma, a statisti-cal difference was observed in the overall survival rates for limited and extensive diseases (P=0.003), with the median survival time of 24.3 and 17.5 months, respectively. Furthermore, significant differences were observed on survival with various treatment modalities (P=0.004). The median survival time of PESC patients treated with combined surgery and radiochemotherapies (28.8 months) was lon-ger than those with either chemotherapy (17.8 months, P=0.015) or chemoradiotherapy (14.5 months, P=0.004). In limited disease pa-tients, the median survival time was longer in patients treated with surgery (27.7 months) than in those without surgery (16.2 months, P=0.007). Notably, the biopsy diagnosis before surgery for PESC was only 40.8%. Conclusion:PESC is a rare malignant carcinoma with increasing incidence. PESC presents poor prognosis, and the survival rate can be improved through combined therapies based on sur-gery. A high misdiagnosis rate for PESC is observed before surgery with biopsy.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy of the new forest parenting programme (NFPP) for children and families with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in China, and to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of the programme in China.Methods:Twenty-two children with ADHD diagnosed at the Child Psychology Development and Behavior Outpatient Clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and their primary caregivers were included in the study from January 2022 to May 2023. The children with ADHD were divided into an experimental group ( n=11) and a control group ( n=11) according to the personal preference of the primary caregivers. The experimental group was provided with the NFPP intervention once a week for a period of 8 weeks. The Chinese version of Swanson Nolan and Pelham, version Ⅳ scale-parent form(SNAP-Ⅳ)and Weiss functional impairment rating scales-parent report(WFIRS-P))were used to assess the improvement of core symptoms and social function impairment in the two groups before and after the intervention. In the experimental group, the Chinese parenting sense of competence scale (C-PSOC) and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ) were used to evaluate the parenting efficiency and improvement of parenting styles of primary caregivers in ADHD families before and after NFPP intervention. A Semi-open interview was conducted with 11 primary caregivers of ADHD children in the experimental group at the end of the intervention regarding knowledge of ADHD disease diagnosis and treatment, parenting attitudes, and parenting behaviors. The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 26.0 software.Statistical analysis of data was used by independent sample t-test, paired sample t-test, Mann Whitney U-test, and rank sum test. Results:(1) Compared with the post-intervention control group, the total score((4.01±1.05), (2.79±0.94), t=2.875, P<0.05) in the SNAP-Ⅳ, the scores of the oppositional defiance dimension((1.27±0.34), (0.70±0.33), t=4.043, P<0.05) in the SNAP-Ⅳ, the scores of the family in WFIRS-P ((0.92±0.47), (0.56±0.26), t=2.246, P<0.05), and the scores of life skills in WFIRS-P (1.1(0.9, 1.3), (0.6(0.5, 0.8), Z=-2.013, P<0.05)were significantly lower in the post-intervention experimental group ( P<0.05). After intervention, the scores of the 3 dimensions of attention deficit, impulsivity/hyperactivity, and oppositional defiance and the total score of the SNAP-Ⅳ in the experimental group were significantly lower than those before intervention (all P<0.05). (2) After intervention, the score of the parenting efficacy dimension in the C-PSOC in experimental group was significantly higher than pre-intervention ( P<0.05). After intervention, the scores of the PSDQ for authoritative parenting style in the self-assessment and other-assessment in the experimental group were significantly higher than pre-intervention (all P<0.05), and the scores of the authoritarian parenting style and the permissive parenting style were significantly lower than pre-intervention (all P<0.05). (3) The results of the semi-open interview suggested that, the primary caregivers of children with ADHD in the experimental group had a positive attitude toward the NFPP intervention and were able to participate in the entire 8-week intervention, and apply the learned parenting skills to daily life to continuously improve parenting efficiency. After the NFPP intervention, the primary caregivers of children with ADHD had a deeper understanding of the knowledge of ADHD diseases, behavioral characteristics of children with ADHD, and so on. In the intervention content, the modules such as time management, communication skills and behavioral prediction were easy to grasp and effective. Conclusion:The NFPP can significantly improve the core symptoms of Chinese children with ADHD, increase the parenting efficacy of their primary caregivers, and improve their parenting styles.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the correlation between environmental factors and the lipophilic and hydrophilic constituents of Polygalae Radix.

METHODThe contents of lipophilic constituent were determined by GC-MS and hydrophilic constituents by HPLC. Geographical factors were collected by on-site inspection and climate factors by the local meteorological data. The relationship between the content of the lipophilic and hydrophilic constituents and the factors were analyzed by SPSS 18.0.

RESULTThere was linear relationship between the content of lipophilic constituent and climate factors such as average temperature of July, average temperature of January. There was also linear relationship between hydrophilic constituents and climate factors such as annual average temperature, latitude, annual average rainfall.

CONCLUSIONThe main climate factors that affect liposoluble constituent content were average temperature of July, average temperature of January, and the main climate factors that affect hydrophilic constituent content were annual average temperature, latitude, annual average rainfall. The study would contribute to the quality evaluation and suitability of origin of Polygalae Radix.