A review with 58 references is presented on the degradation methods of polysaccharide, preparation of monosaccharide and oligosaccharide derivatives and selection of chromatographic conditions for gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The application and advance of chromatography on the analysis of carbohydrates are introduced.

Objective:To establish an HPLC method for determining the contents of related substances in vinpocetine injections. Methods:The chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil C18 column (150 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 0. 2 mol·L-1 ammonium acetate -acetonitrile (40∶60), the flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1, the detection wavelength was 280 nm,and the injection volume was 20μl. Results:Vinpocetine and the related substances such as ethyl vincaminate, apovincamine, methoxyvinpocetine and dihydrovinpocetine were separated completely. The calibration curves of related substances showed good linear-ity. The average recoveries of related substances were all above 99. 8%. Conclusion:The method is accurate, sensitive and specific, and can be applied in determining the related substances in vinpocetine injections.

Objective To compare the advantages and disadvantages of uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery(uniportal-VATS)and three portal VATS in treatment of benign pulmonary diseases. Methods The clinical data of 66 patients with benign pulmonary disease treated by VAST from June 2015 to October 2016 were retrospec-tively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the specific operation. There were 32 patients (18 males and 14 females)in uniportal-VATS group. There were 34 patients(18 males and 16 females)in three portal VATS group. The operative time ,intraoperative blood loss ,thoracic drainage volume at 24 h after opera-tion,incision length,and the time of postoperative drainage of thoracic cavity,postoperative third day pain score and complication rate were compared between the two groups. Results The patients in the experimental and the control groups were successfully operated according to the scheduled protocol. No thoracotomy was performed. There was no statistical difference in the volume of blood loss,the volume of pleural drainage after 24 hours,the time of postoperative drainage of thoracic cavity ,the length of hospital stays and postoperative complications in uni-portal-VATS group and three portal VATS group(P>0.05). The pain score and postoperative third day pain score of the uniportal-VATS group was better than that of the three portal VATS group(P<0.05),but the operation time of the uniportal-VATS group was longer than that of the three portal VATS group(P<0.05). Conclusion Uniportal-VATS is safe and feasible for the treatment of benign lung diseases. It is more minimally invasive and beautiful than traditional three-hole thoracoscopic surgery. It is worthy of promotion and has broad prospects.

Objective:To investigate the effects of various bio-adhesive polymers on bio-adhesive characteristics and release rate of 5-fluorouracil HP-β-CD inclusion complex thermo-sensitive gels. Methods: Bio-adhesive polymer, such as hydroxypropylmethylcellu-lose ( HPMC) , sodium alginate ( SA) , sodium hyaluronat ( HA) ,carbopol and polycarbophil was respectively used to prepare the ther-mo-sensitive gels, and the bio-adhesive force was studied. The phosphate buffer (pH 7. 2) was used and the drug release characteris-tics were studied using dialysis technique. Results: The bio-adhesive force of the gels with 0. 2% polycarbophil was 32. 3 g·ml-1 , and the drug release time was prolonged to 8 h. There was no obvious difference in the dissolution among the gels with the various bio-adhesive polymers. Conclusion:Using 0. 2% polycarbophil as the bio-adhesive polymer, 5-fluorouracil HP-β-CD inclusion complex thermo-sensitive gels show good bio-adhesive force and prolonged drug release characteristics.

Objective:To evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C(VEGF-C),Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) latent membrane protein 1(LMP1),cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC).Method:LMP1, COX-2 and VEGF-C were detects by immunohistochemical staining for 57 case NPC tissue.Result:The positives rates of LMP1,COX-2 and VEGF-C detected by immunohistochemical staining were 49.1%(28/57), 75.4%(43/57)and 59.6%(34/57), respectively. The expression of LMP1, COX-2 and VEGF-C were correlated to each1 other in NPC(P<0.05).Conclusion:LMP1 and COX-2 may induce expression of VEGF-C directly or LMP1 induce expression of VEGF-C by induce COX-2 expression, may contribute to lymph metastasis and develop NPC.

Objective To understand the distribution of pathogenic genes in uropathogenic Esche-richia coli (UPEC) from urinary specimen and to analyze the pathogenicity of UPEC and their mechanism of apoptosis to HeLa cells. Methods We have analyzed 6 pathogenic genes among the 28 strains of the clini-cally isolated E. coli from urinary tract infected patients. The 6 pathogenic genes were surveyed by using the PCR amplification of the target genes. The adhesion experiments and tryphan-blue staining was used to screen the phenotype of the pathogenic strains, while Annexin V/PI method was applied to study the strains to cause apoptosis of the HeLa cells, which was further confirmed with electronic microscopy. Results We have detected 6 strains that carried the usp gene. Phenotype screening identified two high virulent isolates (strain 6N and 27N) from the 6 strains. Strain 27N and 6N contained very similar virulence gene profile ex-cept that strain 27N did not contain usp gene. Both strains can destroy HeLa cell within 3 hours causing cell death. Results of apoptosis detected by flow cytometry revealed that strain 6N induced 20.75% of HeLa cells to an early stage apoptosis within 1.5 hours. On the other hand, strain 27N induced only 1.55% of HeLa cells to apeptosis. Conclusion High virulent UPEC strain carrying usp gene can induce HeLa cell rapid early apoptosis.

Objective To study the differences of clinical and histopathologic features between ischemic colitis (IC) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which can make for the differential diagnosis and treatments. Methods Comparative analysis were focused on the clinical and histopathologic data of IC patients (20 cases) and UC patients (30 eases). Results The onset duration of IC [(5±7) d] was significantly shorter than that of UC [(953±1354) d]. IC patients tended to have history of cadiovascular diseases or abdominal surgery (65%). The typical clinical manifestations of IC were sudden onset of abdominal pain (85%), hematochezia (60%)and diarrhea (50%), but UC usually presented with abdominal pain (83%), diarrhea (63%), bloody mucopurulent stool (57%) and tenesmus (20%). Colonoscopy showed longitudinal ulceration (60%)on the mesenteric side, the segmental lesions usually involved only 1/4-1/2 of the perimeter of the lumen (80%), and the boundary of lesions was clear (75%) in IC patients. On the contrary, the ulcer of UC was usually map-like (43%), the lesions usually involved the entire lumen (90%), and the pseudopolyp (37%) was another colonoscopic feature of UC. The histopathologic study revealed that dilation and hyperaemia of vessels (90%) were common in IC. Severe edema of mucosa (95%) was usually presented in IC, and the thickened vascular wall (50%) was the histopathologic characteristic of IC.Crypt abscesses (47%) usually appeared in UC. Conclusions The histopathologic characteristics and differences of colonoscopic findings and clinical features provide strong bases for the differentialdiagnosis between IC and UC.

Objective To explore the risk factors in post-polypectomy hemorrhage in rectum and to discuss the appropriate interventions.Methods A total of 313 patients with 373 polypi were included in this study. The clinical data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software. Results There were 313 patients with colorectal polypus curatively resected and 373 polypi in total.There were 11 (3.5％) patients subjected to post-polypectomy hemorrhage in rectum.Regression analysis showed that the independent risk factor of postpolypectomy hemorrhage in rectum was the hypertension of patients (P ＜ 0.01 ) and this hemorrhage had no significant correlations with patientg'ender,age,size of polypus,pathological characteristics and the methods of polypectomy.Conclusions Hypertension of patients is an independent risk factor in post-polypectomy hemorrhage.

Objective:To establish a method for determining three residual organic solvents in nimodipine liposomes. Methods:The samples were injected into a DB-624 capillary column (30 m × 0. 32 nm,1. 8 μm) by a headspace sampler and analyzed with an FID detector, the carrier gas was nitrogen, the injector temperature was 250℃, and the detector temperature was 250℃. The column temperature was programmed raised. Results:Three residual solvents, namely ethanol, acetone and acetic ether were completely sepa-rated. There was a good linearity within the experimental concentration range. The average recovery was 98. 9%,98. 5% and 99. 4%(RSD=0. 32%,1. 12%,0. 76%,n=9), respectively. The detection limits was 0. 20, 0. 18 and 0. 22μg·ml-1, respectively . Con-clusion:The method is rapid, sensitive and accurate. It can be used in the determination of residual organic solvents in nimodipine li-posomes.

A new method for the determination of organic acids from mainstream cigarette smoke using ultra low temperature solvent extraction-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC×GC-TOF/MS)was established. The mainstream smoke was directly trapped by ethyl ether with ultra low temperature solvent extraction device, and cleaned up with liquid-liquid extraction. The concentrated extracts were further derived by N,O-bis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). The good separation of silanized product was achieved by the column set of DB-1 (30 m × 0. 25 mm, 1. 0 μm) as the 1st column and DB-wax (1. 5 m × 0. 1 mm, 0. 1 μm) as the 2nd column with modulation period of 6 s and scan range of m/z 45-450 . The results showed that linearity correlation coefficients were larger than 0 . 99 , and the average recoveries were between 80. 17% and 107. 81% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) in the range of 0 . 4%-12 . 1% ( n=5 ) . The detection limit and the quantitation limit were 1 . 3-24 . 5 μg/kg and 4. 1-77. 1 μg/kg, respectively.