Higher education in China has expanded rapidly since the latter half of the 1970s, especially in recent years. With the expansion of higher education, the government of China needs to find new solutions to the perennial problem of sharing the financial burdens of higher education more equitably. In this paper, I especially focus on the entrance opportunity to the China's higher education system. I pay attention to the regional equity issues of China's higher education. I find that there exists inequity of the opportunity to the higher education among the provinces in China.

OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacological action and mechanism of Cynanchum auriculatum(CYA)on the gastrointestinal tract.METHODS:Using atropine sulfate to inhibit mice's intestinal propulsive activity and the effect of CYA on the intestinal propulsive activity of mice was observed.Using clipping tail stimulation method to induce functional dyspepsia model in rats and the effect of CYA on nitrogen monoxidum(NO)level in gastric mucous membrane of the model rats was observed.Using cold and bitter rhubarb lax method to induce rat spleen-deficiency diarrhea model and the effect of CYA on levels of gastrin(GAS)and motilin(MTL)in the model rats was observed.RESULTS:CYA can apparently increase the intestinal propulsive activity of mice,markedly decrease the level of NO in gastric mucous membrane of functional dyspepsia model rats,and markedly increase levels of GAS in serum and MTL in plasma of spleen-deficiency diarrhea model rats.CONCLUSION:CYA can improve intestinal propulsive activity,which might be attributed to the decreased NO level in gastric mucous membrane and the elevated levels of GAS in serum and MTL in plasma.

Although retinal degenerative diseases (RDD) has different pathogenesis backgrounds,the pathological basis is quite close.Either inheritance RDD or age-related RDD remains the largest cause of untreatable blindness in developed countries.Encompassing a range of causes ultimately result in the loss of the sensory cells of the retina and photoreceptors.Many therapeutic strategies aim to slow down the progression of RDD.However,it is well known that once photoreceptors are lost,they can not regenerate.So the treatment is currently unavailable to severe patients with retinal pigmentosa (RP) and dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD).A visual prosthetic device appears to offer new hope in replacing the function of degenerating or dead photoreceptor neurons and relevant studies are making progress.Some visual prosthetic devices have been approved by American FDA and entered clinical trials.Fewer researchers in China are participating in relevant work.I suggest that our researchers interested in artificial visual prosthesis should have a strong understanding of the current research and multi-disciplinary combination and moreover attend the clinical translational study of artificial visual prosthesis for RDD.

OBJECTIVE:To study the action mechanism of Compound geshanxiao granules for chronic atrophic gastritis. METHODS: Experimental chronic atrophic gastritis model was established in rats by intragastric administration of hot saline water, after intragastric with Compound geshanxiao granules, the serum level of gastrin(GAS) and plasma level of motilin(MTL) in rats were determined, and the expressions of rat gastric mucous membrane p53 genes and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) were detected by immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: Serum GAS level and plasma MTL level decreased markedly in chronic atrophic gastritis model rats. After treatment with Compound geshanxiao granules, serum GAS level and plasma MTL level increased markedly, while the positive expression rates of p53 genes and PCNA labeling index in gastric mucous membrane cells decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: The action mechanism of Compound geshanxiao granules for chronic atrophic gastritis might be achieved by promoting secretions of gastrin and motilin and inhibiting the positive expressions of p53 genes and PCNA proteins.

The treatment of ocular fundus diseases is of significant issue in the clinic, but there exists large controversy on how to standardize the clinical treatment and how to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment on ocular fundus diseases. Emerging application of evidence-based medicine (EBM) provides us a rigorous and feasible pathway for the clinical treatment of ocular fundus diseases. We can improve the quality of clinical treatment research by exploring high quality randomized control trial (RCT) on the basis of patients with ocular fundus diseases in China; and by making full use of the best clinical evidences at home and abroad according to the EBM methods, which may further improve diagnosis and treatment of common ocular fundus diseases in China.

The treatment of low mesioangular impaction of second molar is difficult because of the little crown exposure and the influence of the third molar.We used modified lingual arch as a stronger anchorage to upright the lower second molars combined with manufactured spring,the treatment procedure is simple and effective.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on apoptosis of cultured human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (HFRPE) cells induced by indomethacin (IN) in vitro. Methods Subcultured HFRPE cells were treated with different concentrations of IN to establish apoptotic model. The protective effect of NGF on apoptosis of cultured HFRPE cells were assessed using an acridine orange (AO) staining method and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results HFRPE cells exposed by 200 600 ?mol/L IN for 24 hours elicited typical apoptosis morphological changes, including condensed chromation, nuclear fragmentation and reduction of nuclear size and cell volume. There was a statistically difference in HFRPE cells with apoptosis between 200 ?mol/L IN+500 ?g/L NGF and 200 ?mol/L IN groups ( q=3 9204,P=0.0320) ; there was a significant difference in HFRPE cells with apoptosis in 400 ?mol/L IN+500 ?g/L NGF and 400 ?mol/L IN as well ( q=9 7915,P=0 0001). Conclusion NGF has an protective effect on IN induced HFRPE cells apoptosis.

Advances in ophthalmic surgery,together with achieving greater patient safety,have changed the requirements,methods and choice of regional anaesthesia of the eyes.So far,there still lacks of an absolutely safe ophthalmic regional block method,and the intraoperative anesthesia method depends on the needs of the surgeon and the expectations and the cooperation of the patients.The majority of ophthalmic procedures can be performed under regional anesthesia,but the proximity of important structures,such as the blood vessels,optic nerve and the brainstem,leads to increased risks associated with these blocks.The most serious one of these complications is brainstem anesthesia.An clear and full understanding of these complications,which may sometimes be life-threatening,is thus vital to the anesthesia practitioner.Procedural improvements include a close evaluation of the precise anatomy of the region,with particular attention to injection sites,depth of injection,position of the eyeball,and techniques to avoid nerve damage and accidental injection into surrounding structures,including blood vessels,eyeball and cerebrospinal fluid.To emphasize the importance of the prevention,recognition and management of these complications,which includes the extremely serious complication of brainstem anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To study an economics model to achieve the sustainable use of Chinese medicinal resources and solve the problem of the shortage of Chinese medicinal resources which restrict the development of Chinese medicine(CM) industry.METHODS:Taking the staple Chinese crude drug Radix Glycyrrhizae as example,the basic model in resource economics was used to analyze the optimal yearly digging(collecting) amount and reserving amount of the wild natural Chinese medicinal resource under the sustainable economics model,meanwhile the value of sustainable use of Chinese medicinal resources was taken into consideration in view of the ecological effect.RESULTS:Taking the ecological effect into consideration is of positive value for the sustainable use of natural resource,which should also be considered as an index in evaluating the value of future resources.CONCLUSION:Ecological effect is an indispensible factor to consider in the process achieving sustainable use of Chinese medicinal resource.

Objective To study the treatment and outcome in infants with congenital heart disease after cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods The clinical data of 217 infants with congenital heart disease after cardiopulmonary bypass in Shengjing Hospital from Jan 2005 to Nov 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Results Eleven infants died and the mortality was 5. 1% ( 11/217 ). Four infants died of severe low cardiac output syndrome,2 died of pulmonary hypertension crisis,2 died of low cardiac output syndrome complicated with acute renal insufficiency, 1 died of severe infection, 1 died of severe hypoxemia,and 1 died of chronic pericardial tamponade. The postoperation length of hospital stay was 7 ～ 52 d, 14 d in average. Conclusion With the improvement of surgical techniques,cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass on infants can result in good clinical effect. Active and effective treatment can reduce the perioperative mortality after cardiopulmonary bypass.