This paper discusses the problem of the periods of Medical Ethics. The writers suggest that Medical Ethics should be distingwished three periods: Medical Ethics, Biomedical Ethics and Bioethics.

Objective To observe the morphological changes in alcohol-induced pregnanted golden hamster neural tube defects and eye abnormalities, and to study quantitatively the alterations of apoptosis during teratogenesis. Methods The pregnanted golden hamsters were killed 4,8,16,24, 48 and 72 hours after teratogenic dose alcohol exposure respectively, and both embryos and fetuses were obtained. The LM, SEM and stereomicroscope were used to observe the histological alterations during the teratogenesis of the neural tube and the eye. With the TUNEL and TEM methods, the apoptosis were studied qualitatively. Results 1^The closure of the golden hamster neural tube and the formation of the optic cup were significantly retardation in the experimental groups. 2^After 8h of maternal alcohol exposure, the apoptosis of neural epithelial cells increased apparently, especially in the prosencephalon and neural crest.At either 16h or 24h after treatment, the index of apoptosis was also higher than that in the control groups, and the apoptosis chiefly located in the neural crest and optic grooves.After 48h, this index gradually declined to the level of control groups.Conclusion Alcohol can delay the closure of the golden hamster neural tube and the formation of the optic cup. Meanwhile it can cause excessive apoptosis on these structures.These alterations are probably partially involved in the mechanism of alcohol-induced neural tube defects and eye abnormalities.

Objective The androgen signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of early follicular growth and follicular atresia, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is an important factor in regulating the level of local ovarian androgen.This study was to investigate the effects of androgen on the expression of SHBG in ovarian granulosa cells.Methods Human ovarian granule cancer cells were cultured with 0 nmol/L dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 500 nmol/L DHT, or 500 nmol/L DHT + 60 μmol/L Flutamide.The expression of SHBG was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining.Hyperandrogenism (HA) was induced in 6 SD rats by subcutaneous injection of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and another 6 rats were included in the vehicle control group.At 35 days after modeling, all the rats were sacrificed for measurement of the level of SHBG in the blood from the inferior caval vein by ELISA, the expression of SHBG in the ovarian granulosa cells by immunohistochemistry, and expressions of androgen receptor (AR) and SHBG in the liver by Western blot.Results At 24 hours after modeling, the expression of AR was significantly upregulated in the 300, 400, and 500 nmol/L DHT groups as compared with the 0 nmol/L DHT group (1.06±0.02, 1.61±0.11, and 2.38±0.14 vs 1.06±0.03, P<0.05), and so was that of SHBG, increasing in a concentration-dependent manner, most significantly at 500 nmol/L (P<0.01).Both the expressions of AR and SHBG proteins remarkably elevated in the 500 nmol/L DHT group in comparison with the 0 nmol/L DHT group (P<0.01), but markedly downregulated as compared with the 500 nmol/L DHT + 60 μmol/L Flutamide group (P<0.05).Immunofluorescence staining showed that DHT promoted while the addition of Flutamide inhibited the expressions of AR and SHBG.Immunohistochemical staining of the ovarian tissue revealed a high level of SHBG in the HA rats.Compared with the control group, the HA animals exhibited a significantly decreased expression of serum SHBG (4.80±0.35 vs 2.41±0.14, P<0.01) and that in the liver, but a markedly increased level of the AR protein (P<0.05).Conclusion Activation of the androgen signaling pathway by DHT can promote the expression of SHBG in rat ovarian granulosa cells.

Objective To establish a method for determination of emodin content in Shengfa granule.Methods HPLC was used.Mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.25 %phosphoric acid (80 ∶20) with UV detection at 254 nm,the analytical column was YMC-Pack ODS-A.Results The linear range of emodin was 0.021 ?g～0.155 ?g(r=0.9999)while the average recovery rate was 99.03 %(RSD=1.40 %,n=6).Conclusion The methods is suitable for determination of emodin content in Shengfa granule.

Firstly, the essay introduces the definition of bio-burden, the significance of determination of bio-burden and the specific performance requirements. Then, the essay introduces the method selection and validation on the bio-burden determination of surgical drapes, gowns and clean air suits.
Equipment Contamination ; Surgical Attire ; microbiology ; standards ; Surgical Drapes ; microbiology ; standards

Objective To discuss the effect of early combined therapy of sertraline and psychotherapy on the rehabilitation of the patients with post-stroke depression (PSD)and observe its effect on plasma and platelet serotonin(5-HT). Methods All of 130 patients with PSD were divided into sertraline treatment group (65 cases) and routine treatment group (65 eases). Every patient was given routine treatment according to treatment guideline of cerebrovascular disease after admission. The sertraline treatment group received twelve-week sertraline treatment and psychotherapy, while the routine treatment group only received psychotherapy. Patients were evaluated by HAmilton rating scale for depression (HRSD) and serf-rating depression scale (SDS) before treatment and at the ends of the 4th and 8th week treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the levels of plasma and playlet 5-HT of every patient were measured by the enzyme immunoassay methods. Results The scores of HRSD and SDS were lower in sertraline treatment group than those in routine tretment group at the ends of the 4th and 8th week. The rate of decrease of HRSD and SDS in sertraline treatment group was higher than that in routine treatment group at the end of the 8th week (Pall<0.01).The levels of platelet 5-HT in sertraline treatment group was lower at the ends of the 4th and 8th week than those before, treatment (P< 0.01).No significant change in plasma 5- HT level could be observed before and after treatment in two groups(P> 0.05). Conclusions Early treatment by sertraline can release the symptom of PSD and promote rehabilitation of PSD patients. The sertraline treatment can reduce the level of platelet 5- HT in PSD patients. However, the effect of plasma 5-HT value is not clear.

The occurrence and distribution of the atrial muscle cells containing atriopeptinimmunoreactive granules were studied in rat embryos and newborn rats with immunohistochemistry. The results showed that immunoreactive granules occurred in a few atrial muscle cells of embryos at 13 days old but they were not found in those cells at 11 and 12 days. With development of the embryos, the number of cells containing immunoreactive granules in atrium increased and their granules became more abundant and located mainly around the nucleus. Most of the granulated atrial muscle cells distributed in trabecular structure of the luminal surface of atria. They gradually decreased in number towards the pericardial side. The nongranulated atrial muscle cells mainly located near the pericardium and in atrial septum. The results suggested that the specific differentiation of atrial muscle cells occurred at early period of rat embryos, some cells became atriopeptin immunoreactive positive cells, while the others remained as negative cells. The feature of the differentiation of atrial muscle cells may reflect the functional development of the atria.

Objective To find out the microalgae species in the spring water and the pollution route in the production process of drinking spring water. Methods 42 samples were collected from the workshop, the spring source, the product line and the repeated barrels in a water plant. The microalgae were examined by microscope, CCD imaging system and scanning electron microscope. Results 18 microalgae species were detected from the 42 samples including 4 species in Cyanophyta, 9 in Chlorophyta, 4 in Bacillariophyta and 1 in Euglenophyta. The dominant species occurred in samples of the floor around the workshop and the floor beside the wellspring bump were Achnanthes biasolettiana and Cymbella affinis, in the spring source were Chlamydomonas sp. and Ulothrix tenerrima, in the spring water barrel was Scenedesmus obliquus. Chlorella vulgaris was detected in all processes before the super-filter,and after filtered, no microalgae was detected, but in the product water, Chlorella vulgaris was still detected after enriched culture. Conclusion Usually, the microalgae polluted drinking spring water products is mainly Chlorella vulgaris and the pollution route is reusing of barrels.

Objective To design a new automatic rinse assemblage for cage of medical laboratory animal in order to improve the work efficiency and safety of laboratory animal center.Methods The practices of laboratory animal were analyzed retrospectively and the animal experiment were investigated.Results The new automatic rinse assemblage for cage of medical laboratory animal was designed and its main function and operation methods were explained.Conclusion The automatic rinse assemblage for cage of medical laboratory animal has advantages of advanced function and convenient operation,and it has good perspective for medical laboratory animal management.

The ras oncogene product ras p21, which is structurally homologous to G protein, participates in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The histopathology of psoriasis is characterized by hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate, by dot blot and Dig DNA labeling in situ hybridization techniques, the expression of c Ha ras proto oncogene in normal skin and active plaque psoriatic lesions. The results showed: (1) dot blot revealed one fold elevation of c Ha ras gene transcript levels in psoriatic lesions compared with normal controls. (2) In normal epidermis, only a few basal cells expressed ras gene, however, the ras gene was expressed throughout all layers of epidermis of active psoriatic lesions except horny layer and predominantly in prickle cells. Our results suggest that overexpression of c Ha ras oncogene and changes of expression pattern might be central to the pathogenesis of psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia and abnormal pattern of cellular differentiation.