By using immunocytochemistry (the whole mount stretch preparations and cryostat sections) and radioimmunoassay, the characteristics of distribution, origins and properties of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were studied. The results show that all layers of small intestine were rich in CGRP-immu-noreactive(CGRP-I)nerves with a high density in myenteric, submucosal and mucosal plexuses. Also it had a rather high density around the small blood vessels of the small intestine and intestinal crypts. Some CGRP-I neurons were seen in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses which were the intrinsic origin of CGRP-I nerves of small intestine. And the denervation and injection of capsaicin demonstrated that the extrinsic CGRP-I nerves of small intestine with mainly sensory origin also existed. The characteristics of distribution of CGRP-I nerves in small intestine indicated that the CGRP-I nerves might be related with the regulation of motion, secretion, absorption, sensation and regional blood flow of the gastrointestinal tract.

The inspiratory impedance threshold device (ITD) was put forward by Lurie in 1995, and was assigned as a class II a recommendation by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) resuscitation guidelines in 2005. The ITD is used to augment negative intrathoracic pressure during recoil of the chest so as to enhance venous return and cardiac output, and to decrease intracranial pressure. In the recent years many researches on the ITD have been1 carried out, but all the researches can not take out a clear evidence to support or refute the use of the ITD. This paper introduces the structure and working principle of the ITD in detail, the research results and the debates about the use of the ITD for the past years.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; instrumentation ; Electric Impedance ; Humans ; Pressure

Objective To observe the effect of electronic colonoscopy on heart rate,blood pressure,arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation and electrocardiography in elderly patients.Methods 60 patients were divided into two groups,elderly group (over 60 years old,n=30) and non-elderly group (＜ 60 years old,n =30).The changes in heart rate,blood pressure,arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation and electrocardiography before and during colonoscopy were compared between the two groups.The increased heart rate was observed in both groups(the non-elderly group:t=10.746,P＜0.001; the elderly group:t=4.892,P＜0.001),and the increment of heart rate was higher in non-elderly group than in elderly group [(6.9±3.7) /min vs.(4.0±3.8) /min,t=2.88,P＜ 0.01].Results Systolic and diastolic pressures were increased in both groups during colonoscopy as compared with pre-colonoscopy(t=3.88,5.88,6.55 and 7.43,respectively,P＜0.01 or 0.001),but there were no significant differences in the increment between the two groups(t=0.31 and 0.32,bothP＞0.05).Arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation was decreased in both groups during colonoscopy as compared with pre-colonoscopy(t=3.05 and 2.98,P＜0.05 or 0.01),and there was no significant difference in the decrease between the two groups(t=-0.13,P＞0.05).Abnormal ECG can be detected in both groups,but had no statistical significance between the two groups (20.0％ vs.16.7％,x2 =0.11,P＞ 0.05).Conclusions Electronic colonoscopy can be performed relatively safely in the elderly.

Objective To observe the localization of NG2 positive cells and morphological character in the brain of adult rats. Methods Immunohistochemical method was applied to determine the expression of NG2 positive cells in the cerebrum cortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, thalamencephalon and hypothalamus of adult rats. Image analysis program Image Pro Plus 5.0 was used to count the positive cells and for statistic analysis. Results NG2 positive cells were strongly expressed in multiple brain regions of adult rats, of which strongest signals were centralized in gray and white matter of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, thalamic subventricular zone and hypothalamic periventricular region. The NG2 positive cells were seen with abundant process arborization which bifurcated two or more times. The soma of NG2 positive cell displays a star-like morphology with different shapes in the gray and white matter of cerebrum cortex. Conclusion NG2 positive cells are numerous in adult rat brain and display the special glial with a stellate morphology.

Objective To measure the estrogen concentration of estrogen (E 2) in the culture medium of rat astrocytes (ASTs). Methods Astrocytes in brain cortex of the 2-day-old neonatal rats were collected and cultured. The number of astrocytes was counted and the concentration of estrogen was measured by ELISA method at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d after culture. Results The cell counts were 1?10 4/ml, 1.1?10 6/ml, 1.4?10 6/ ml, and 1.5?10 6/ml, respectively. The concentrations of E 2 were: 0 pg/ml, (117.03?21.32) pg/ml, (266.91?22.03) pg/ml, and (252.62?27.99) pg/ml, respectively. No estrogen was detected in the primary culture medium. The concentration of estrogen increased in a time-dependent manner and reached the peak at 14 d, and then decreased gradually but remained at a certain level. Conclusion E 2 is secreted by astrocytes in the brain cortex of the 2-day-old neonatal rats.

Objective To study the effect and the mechanism of astrocytes-derived estrogen on synaptic transmission. Methods Based on the model of pure cultures of neonatal cortical neurons, the experimental groups were designed as follows: pure neuron culture (group P), ACM culture (group A), mixed culture of AST and neuron (group M), E_ 2 culture (group E), ACM+tamoxifen (estrogen receptor antagonist) culture (group A+T ), tamoxifen culture (group T). The difference among these groups of synaptic transmission was recorded by patch clamp and presynaptic vesicle releasing kinetics was marked by a dye named FM4-64. Results The mean amplitude and frequency of miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs) of group P, A, M, E, A+T and T were: (20.5?2) pA, (13?4) min -1 ; (29.1?3) pA, (73?16) min -1 ; (31.3?3) pA, (78?20) min -1 ; (30.2?3) pA, (76?18) min -1 ; (24.5?2) pA, (35?10) min -1 ; (22.1?2) pA, (37?10) min -1 respectivily. The treatment of pure neuron culture with ACM increased synaptic transmission of pure cultured cortical neuron. Exogenic estradiol added into pure neurons can stimulate the effect of the ACM. Tamoxifen which was the antagonist of estrogen receptor could decrease most effect of ACM on synaptic transmission. The assaying of vesicle release marked by FM4-64 showed astrocytes-derived estrogenic enhancing synaptic transmission was at least mediated by strengthening presynaptic vesicle releasing. Conclusion The estrogen from astrocytes of neonatal rat cortex may enhance neuronal synaptic transmission mainly through estrogen receptor.

Objective To study the effect of astrocyte on synapse formation and the molecular mechanism. Methods Cortical astrocytes were isolated and purified from neonatal rats.On the 2h,7th day,14th day and 21th day after passage,we counted the number of astrocytes and the culture medium(astrocyte-conditioned medium,ACM)was harvested to measure the concentration of estrogen(E 2)by using ELISA techniques.Based on the model of pure culures of neonatal cortical neurons,the experimental groups were designed as follows:1.pure neuron cultures(group N);2.ACM cultures(group A);3.mixed cultures(group M);4.E 2 cultures(group E 2);5.ACM+Tamoxifen(estrogen receptor antagonist)cultures(group A+T);6.Tamoxifen cultures(group T).Then synaptic puncta in every group was stained and counted through immunofluorescence,and we also compared the differences in puncta number among those six groups(at 9th day in culture,number/per neuron). Results The numbers of astrocytes were:1?10 4/ml, 1.1?10 6/ml, 1.4?10 6/ml, 1.5?10 6/ml; The concentrations of E 2 were:(ng/L):0, 117?22, 266?22,252?27 respectively.No estrogen was detected in the primary culture medium.The concenteration of estrogen increased in correspondence with the culturing days and reached the peak around at the 14th day, then decreased gradually but kept at a certain high level,and the numbers of synaptic puncta of per neuron in group N,A,M,E 2,A+T,T were:14?3;79?5;83?8;80?6;32?3;29?3 respectively.The treatment of pure neuron culture with ACM increased the number of synapses on per neuron by up to 6 fold by comparison with pure neuronal culture.Exogenic estradiol added into pure neurons can mimick the effect of the ACM.Tamoxifen which is antagonist of estrogen receptor could decrease the effect of ACM by 75%.Conclusion The astrocytes of neonatal rat cortex do secrete E 2.Astrocyte-derived estrogen may be the molecule regulating the synaptic formation through estrogen receptors.

Objective To construct three eukaryotic expression vectors containing wilde-type hGHR gene and its mutants(hGHR-E42K and hGHR-H56R) related to congenital growth hormone insensitivity,then check their expression in CHO cells. Methods With the available PUC-hGHR vector,two mutate hGHR genes (hGHR-E42K and hGHR-H56R) were obtained through mutagenesis. Then three recombinants were cloned into eukaryotic expression vectors pcDNA3.1/zeo(+) with restriction enzymatic reactions. Then with Lipofectamine2000,we transfected expression vectors to CHO cells and screened the stably expressed CHO cells by Zeocin. RT-PCR and/or Western blotting were used to examine hGHR and STAT5-P.Results After sequencing,two mutations were introduced to hGHR,three eukaryotic expression vectors were identified. The transfected CHO cells expressed wt-hGHR or its mutants. Compared with hGH-wt,two mutate cells (E42K and H56R) had decreased phosphorylated STAT5levels. Conclusion Three CHO cells which stably expresses wide type hGHR and its mutants were successfully established,E42K and H56R partly interfered the phosphorylation of STAT5.

Objective To investigate the effect of hypoxia-inducible factor-1? gene on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells after focal cerebral ischemia in rats,and to explore the mechanism of the effect. Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) and reperfusion models were established and divided into sham group,NS group,AD group and Ad-HIF-l? group.NS,AD and Ad-HIF-l? were injected into the ischemic ventricle respectively.The mNSS was evaluated the expression of EPO was observed,and the number of BrdU positive cells in subventricular zone and that of BrdU/NF200,BrdU/GFAP double labeled cells in cortex were calculated by immumofluorescence method.Results The mNSS were statistically different between Ad-HIF-l? group and the other three groups;the expression of EPO was higher in Ad-HIF-l? group;the number of BrdU positive cells increased obviously in Ad-HIF-l? group;the cellular rebirth and differentiation demonstrated that there existed a significant difference(P

Neurobiology is to study the structure,function,development and regeneration of the nervous system at molecular,cellular and whole level.The objective of neurobiological teaching is to explore the importont and difficult points in teaching' the present article attempts to design a project pattern in practical course of neurobiology,which is suited to learning mode of medical college students.