In recent years, with the application of a variety of new drugs, the prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) has been significantly improved, and the survival time has been significantly prolonged, but almost patients will relapse eventually. The persistent existence of minimal residual disease (MRD) is considered to be the root cause of disease recurrence. Therefore, the detection of MRD in MM patients is of great clinical significance, which would contribute to evaluate the efficacy of MM, accelerate clinical trials, dynamic risk stratification, and further guide the treatment strategy. However, until now, there are no standard method and evaluation criteria of MRD detection. This review focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of different methods,clinical applications and future development direction of MRD detection in MM.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection status and drug resistance of Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu) and Mycoplasma hominis (Mh) isolated from female genitourinary tract. METHODS The specimens of 1890 cases were collected from Jan 2003 to Dec 2006. The results of mycoplasma cultivation and susceptibility test were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Among 1890 cases, there were 756 cases with positive mycoplasma cultivation. Positive rate was 40.0%. Positive rate was the highest at the age of 21 to 40. Among 11 commonly used antibiotics, sensitivity of tetracyclines was the highest,followed by macrolides. Four quinolones all showed the higher resistance. CONCLUSIONS The resistance of commonly used antibiotics in mycoplasma isolated from female genitourinary tract is greatly severe.We should think highly of it.

OBJECTIVE To investigate pathogen distribution and drug resistance in infection of operative incision and provide the reference for clinical prevention and cure.METHODS Referring to National Rules of Operation in Clinical Laboratory,strains were isolated and identified,and drug-sensitivity test was performed by DADE BEHRING panel.RESULTS Among total 140 strains of pathogenic bacteria,the most were Gram-negative bacilli that accounted for 58.6%(82 strains),followed by Gram-positive cocci that accounted for 41.4%(58 strains).Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the higher detection rate.The former was 29.3% and the latter was 27.1%.Among the total S.aureus,meticillin-resistant S.aureus(MRSA) accounted for 31.7%.Detection rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was 40.9%.CONCLUSIONS Effective measurement should be taken to prevent and control infection of operative incision.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of uropathogens in children with complicated urinary tract infection to guide the empirical antimicrobial treatment.Methods Retrospective analysis of isolated bacteria from 141 children hospitalized with complicated urinary tract infection was performed from January 2011 to January 2013.Results Gram-negative bacillus were the main pathogens [56.6％(81/143)],and Escherichia coli was the leading cause (41.3％,59/143).Gram-positive bacillus accounted for 38.5％ (55/143),including Enterococcus faecium (17.5％,25/143) and Enterococcus faecalis (14.7％,21/143).Fungi caused 4.9％ (7/143) of the infections.The resistance of Escherichia coli to amoxicillin was the highest [92.0％ (23/25)] and resistance to imipenem (4.3％,2/47),amikacin (6.8％,4/59) and nitrofurantoin (6.8％,4/59) was lower.It was observed resistance of Enterococcus faecium to linezolid,quinupristin,vancomycin and nitrofurantoin was significantly lower than other common antibiotics.The resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to quinupristin,tetracycline,erythromycin,rifampicin was significantly higher than other common antibiotics.Concluusions Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis are the common uropathogens.These pathogens have a high antibiotic resistance to many common antibiotics.The selection of empirical treatment of children with complicated urinary tract infection should be adjusted by antimicrobial susceptibility test.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transarterial interventional therapy (TAIT) in treating patients with metastatic liver cancer, and to investigate the factors influencing the prognosis of patients. Methods From January 1997 to June 2000, 470 patients with metastatic liver cancer had undergone TAIT 1231 times in the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. The clinical data of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. The short-term and long-term efficacy and the side effect of TAIT were assessed. The potential factors influencing the prognosis of the patients were determined by Cox regression analysis. Results Complete remission was observed in 94 patients, and partial remission in 143. The total effective rate was 50.4% (237/470). The median survival time was 13.5 months. The O. 5-, 1-, 2-, 3-, 5-year survival rates were 86.4%, 66. 8%, 35.6%, 16.9%, 7.3%, respectively. No severe complication occurred. The factors influencing the prognosis of the patients were: the resection of the primary tumor, blood supply of the tumor, multiple metastases of liver cancer, thrombus in the portal vein, adjuvant chemotherapy after TAIT, tumor originated from breast cancer, tumors invading multiple lobes, concurrent metastasis in other sites (X2= 17. 322, 12. 593, 8.721, 8.573, 8.492, 7. 838, 5. 623, 5. 463, P < 0.05). Conclusions TAIT is an effective palliative therapy for metastatic liver cancer which cannot be resected. The factors mentioned above influence the prognosis of patients after TAIT.

Objective A systematic review of implementation outcomes of the essential medicine system in China to identify scientific evidences for a better system.Methods A systematic review is made to extract data from the research papers on outcomes of the essential medicine system,followed by an analysis and description of such data.Results Of the 87 papers included,most of them focused on primary care institutions,while four of them on residents or patients,and one of them on pharmaceutical enterprises.The study found the medical institutions with rising availability of essential drugs,lowered medicine costs,rising or dropping business volume,and apparent drop of out-of-pocket expenses for patients.These have encouraged rational drug use.Evidences in hand indicate expected outcomes from the essential medicine system.Conclusion Current researches on the system focus on primary care institutions in developed areas in China,lacking rigorous design.Studies of broader scale,further depth and more rigorous designs of the implementations of the system are recommended for evaluation of the impacts and outcomes of the system on various stakeholders of the policy.

With the extensive application of informationalized management systems for barcode specimens , the degree of informatization is becoming higher and higher in medical laboratory.Informationalized management combines modern information technology and advanced management concepts , transforms or reengineers the laboratory operation and business process.Test specimen turnaround time ( TAT) is an important factor affecting the quality of the inspection.By analyzing the test process of each time node , establish the suitable specimens monitoring program for clinical requirements and real -time monitor the key nodes in test processes ,which will effectively shorten TAT , improve reporting timeliness rate and avoid clinical complaints.

AIM:To study the effect of adiponectin (APN) on lipid peroxidation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. METHODS:The effect of H2O2 on apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC labeling. The concentration of malonaldehyde (MDA) in HUVECs was detected by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured by colorimetric assay. The scavenging rate on superoxide anion radicals in xanthine oxidase system and OH radicals produced by Fenton reaction were also tested. RESULTS:APN significantly inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis. H2O2 increased MDA production and reduced the activities of SOD and CAT,which were inhibited by APN. APN did not alter the activities of SOD and CAT in normal condition. APN dose-dependently decreased the superoxide anion radicals,with the scavenging rate of 11.9%,21.4%,36.9%,respectively,and scavenged OH radicals. CONCLUSION:APN inhibits apoptosis and protects endothelial cells against lipid peroxidation insult by scavenging the free radicals.

Objective To analyze the policy support of rural doctors for the essential medicine system,and explore the main influence factors and mechanism affecting the support degree.Methods 621 rural doctors from five cities in Shandong province were subject to a stratified random sampling for a quantitative questionnaire,to build a hypothesis model of policy support of rural doctors,which is verified using factor analysis and path analysis.Results 59.1% of rural doctors support the essential drugs policy.It was found that the essential medicine factor,the factor to influence the practitioner,and the supporting policy factor had a direct impact on policy support of rural doctors,with the effect of 0.305, 0.1 59 and 0.135 respectively;Essential medicine factor and the supporting policy factor indirectly influence the policy support of rural doctors through the factor to influence practitioners,with the effect of 0.065 and 0.032 respectively.Conclusion The essential medicine system needs to emphasize such rationality as the quality,list and pricing of essential medicines;it is imperative for the government to better oversee the purchase and supply of essential drugs,to cater to the interests of rural doctors,to encourage the enforcement of the system,and promote the development of village clinics.

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the efficacy and safety of gemcitabine combined with docetaxel in the treat-ment of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and provide evidence-based reference for clinical treatment. METHODS:Retrieved from PubMed,Cochrane Library,Elsevier,CJFD,Wangfang Database and VIP,randomized controlled trials(RCT)about the ef-ficacy and safety of gemcitabine combined with docetaxel(test group)versus the 3rd generation chemotherapeutic agents combined with cisplatin(control group)in the treatment of NSCLC were collected. Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 soft-ware after quality evaluation by modified Jadad scale. RESULTS:Totally 9 RCTs were included,involving 1 986 patients. Results of Meta-analysis showed,there were no significant differences in the total effective rate [RR=0.93,95%CI(0.83,1.05),P=0.27], 1-year survival rate [RR=0.97,95%CI(0.87,1.09),P=0.64],the incidences of liver dysfunction [RR=0.35,95%CI(0.06,2.18), P=0.26] and leukopenia [RR=0.80,95%CI(0.57,1.10),P=0.17] and decreased rate of hemoglobin [RR=0.65,95%CI(0.25, 1.69),P=0.38] in 2 groups;the incidences of liver dysfunction [RR=0.09,95%CI(0.02,0.38),P=0.001] and neurotoxicity in test group were significantly lower than control group,while the incidence of lung injury [RR=8.71,95%CI(2.04,37.12),P=0.003] was significantly higher than control group,the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS:Gemcitabine com-bined with docetaxel shows similar efficacy to the 3rd generation chemotherapeutic agents combined with cisplatin in the treatment of NSCLC,less effect on renal function and nerve while high on pulmonary toxicity.