Linxian County in Henan Province, Northern China is known as the region with the highest incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer worldwide. Since 1959, the Henan medical team has conducted field work on esophageal cancer prevention and treatment in Linxian. Through three generations of effort exerted by oncologists over 65 years of research on esophageal cancer prevention and treatment in Linxian, the incidence rate of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in this area has dropped by nearly 50%, and the 5-year survival rate has increased to 40%, reaching the international leading level. This article aims to summarize the history, present opportunities and new challenges, and explore the experience of esophageal cancer prevention and treatment in Linxian (referred to as the “Linxian experience”), providing reference and guidance to cancer prevention and treatment research in China.

BackgroundCognitive function is closely related to an individual's quality of life and social functioning， with approximately 20%~35% of patients with depressive disorder experiencing some degree of cognitive impairment even after clinical symptom remission. Existing evidence suggests that tACS can improve specific cognitive domains， such as memory function， while its effects on other cognitive dimensions， such as executive functioning， attention， and information processing speed， remain unclear. ObjectiveTo explore the effects of tACS on the multidimensional cognitive functions and emotional problems of patients with depressive disorder， thus to provide references for the treatment of depressive disorder. MethodsForty-nine patients with depressive disorder who were hospitalized in the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu from November 2022 to October 2024 and met the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition （DSM-5）， were selected as study participants. Subjects were randomly divided into study group （n=23） and control group （n=26） based on Microsoft Excel. Both groups received sertraline treatment. The initial dose was 50 mg/day， which gradually titrated upward based on individual variability， drug tolerance， and therapeutic response， with a maintenance dose ranging from 100 to 200 mg/day. In addition， the study group underwent tACS therapy for 4 weeks， with 5 sessions per week， each lasting 20 minutes. The control group received sham stimulation， in which the stimulus was interrupted after the first 30 seconds. At baseline， the 4^th week， and the 12^th week of treatment， patients were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale-17 item （HAMD-17）， Hamilton Anxiety Scale （HAMA）， and MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery （MCCB）. ResultsRepeated measures analysis of variance indicated that both the time effect and the time×group interaction effect for HAMD-17 scores were statistically significant between the two groups （F=260.437， 25.309， P<0.01）. At week 12 of treatment， the HAMD-17 score in the study group was lower than that in the control group （t=4.236， P<0.01）. For HAMA scores， the time effect， group effect， and time×group interaction effect were all statistically significant between the two groups （F=248.082， 4.506， 9.500， P<0.05 or 0.01）. At weeks 4 and 12， study group reported lower HAMA scores compared with control group （t=4.580， 2.608， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Regarding the MCCB scores for attention/vigilance， verbal learning， and overall composite， the time effect， group effect， and time×group interaction effect were all statistically significant between the two groups （F=70.331， 27.882， 51.679， 5.560， 10.948， 7.860， 8.490， 3.874， 5.025， P<0.05 or 0.01）. After intervention， the study group showed significantly higher MCCB scores for attention/vigilance， verbal learning， and overall composite at both week 4 （t=-2.149， -3.530， -2.740， P<0.05） and week 12 （t=-3.534， -3.576， -3.838， P<0.01） when compared to the control group. ConclusionThe combined tACS and sertraline therapy may demonstrate superior efficacy to pharmacotherapy alone in the short term for improving attention/vigilance， verbal learning， overall cognitive function， and anxiety symptoms in patients with depressive disorders. Based on the 12-week outcomes， the combined tACS and sertraline therapy not only sustaine its previously observed advantages in improving cognitive domains and anxiety symptoms， but also demonstrate potentially superior efficacy over monotherapy in alleviating depressive symptoms. ［Fund by Clinical Medical Research Transformation Special Project of Anhui Province （number， 202204295107020065）］

Objective To investigatethe relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and clinicopathological characteristics, p53 expression, and survival of Chinese patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods A total of 3882 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, 970 matched patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and 970 matched patients with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma were included to compare the incidence of GERD symptoms. Patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma were divided into two groups according to the presence and absence of GERD symptoms. The differences in clinicopathological characteristics and p53 expression between the two groups were compared by chi-square test, and the differences in survival between the two groups were compared by landmark analysis. Results The incidence of GERD symptoms increased successively in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. In patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, the proportions of male, less than 65 years old, lower thoracic tumors, tumors without squamous cell carcinoma, poorly differentiation, early tumors (stage 0-I), and p53-positive tumors in the group with GERD symptoms were higher than those in the group without GERD symptoms; moreover, the long-term survival (≥15 years) was better. Conclusion GERD symptom is an important clinical sign of esophageal adenocarcinoma. It is closely related to specific clinicopathological characteristics, p53 overexpression, and good long-term prognosis.

Objective To provide reference for the optimization and improvement of interoperability between the standard system of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and other standards.Methods The interoperability of various pharmacopoeia standard systems was compared by searching for citations from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the United States Pharmacopoeia-National Formulary,the European Pharmacopoeia,the Japanese Pharmacopoeia,and other standards,including references to domestic regulations and guidelines,standards of the International Organization for Standardization,guidelines from the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use,documents of the World Health Organization,and standards from other countries and international organizations.Results In recent years,pharmacopoeias in the world had continuously increased the citation of non pharmacopoeial standards.The types,quantities,and fields of the United States Pharmacopoeia-National Formulary referencing other standards far exceed those of other pharmacopoeias.The Chinese Pharmacopoeia cites the least number of other standards.Conclusion It is suggested that the Chinese Pharmacopoeia should enhance the interoperability with other standard systems in the standards of various professional fields,enhance the openness,harmonization and advantages,and form a more complete standard system.

After kidney transplantation,the recipients have been under long-term immunosuppression due to the use of immunosuppressive drugs,and they are high-risk population of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia(PJP).The risk of PJP is the highest within 6 months after kidney transplantation and after intensified anti-rejection therapy.Fever,dry cough,progressive dyspnea and hypoxemia are common clinical manifestations of PJP after kidney transplantation.Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX)can effectively prevent and treat PJP,and significantly reduce the incidence rate and fatality of PJP.To standardize the diagnosis,treatment and prevention of PJP after kidney transplantation,Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association organized relevant Chinese experts to formulate the"Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia After Kidney Transplantation in China"based on clinical concerns,aiming to provide guidance for the prevention and comprehensive clinical treatment of PJP after kidney transplantation.

B-cell lymphoma is a group of hematological malignancies characterized by variable genetic and biological features and clinical behaviors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex network in tumors, which consists of surrounding blood vessels, extracellular matrix, immune and non-immune cells, and signaling molecules. Increasing evidence has shown that the TME, especially immune cells within, is a double-edged sword, acting either as a tumor killer or as a promoter of tumor progression. These pro-tumor activities are driven by subpopulations of immune cells that express typical markers but have unique transcriptional characteristics, making tumor-associated immune cells good targets for human anti-cancer therapy by ablating immunosuppressive cells or enhancing immune-activated cells. Thus, exploring the role of immune cells in the TME provides distinct insights for immunotherapy in B-cell lymphoma. In this review, we elucidated the interaction between immune cells and tumor cells and their function in the initiation, progression, and prognosis of B-cell lymphoma, from preclinical experiments to clinical trials. Furthermore, we outlined potential therapeutic approaches and discussed the potential clinical value and future perspectives of targeting immune cells in patients with B-cell lymphoma.

Background::Although significant advances have been made in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), leading to unprecedented response and survival rates among patients, the majority eventually relapse, and a cure remains elusive. This situation is closely related to an incomplete understanding of the immune microenvironment, especially monocytes/macrophages in patients with treatment-na?ve MM. The aim of this study was to provide insight into the immune microenvironment, especially monocytes/macrophages, in patients with treatment-na?ve MM.Methods::This study used the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of both patients with MM and heathy donors to identify immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and monocytes/macrophages. Transcriptomic data and flow cytometry analysis of monocytes/macrophages were used to further examine the effect of monocytes/macrophages in treatment-na?ve MM patients.Results::A significant difference was observed between the bone marrow (BM) immune cells of the healthy controls and treatment-na?ve MM patients through scRNA-seq. It is noteworthy that, through an scRNA-seq data analysis, this study found that interferon (IFN)-induced NK/T cells, terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA) cells, T-helper cells characterized by expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG +Th cells), IFN-responding exhausted T cells, mannose receptor C-type 1 (MRC1) + DCs, IFN-responding DCs, MHCII + DCs, and immunosuppressive monocytes/macrophages were enriched in patients with treatment-na?ve MM. Significantly, transcriptomic data of monocytes/macrophages demonstrated that "don’t eat me" -related genes and IFN-induced genes increase in treatment-na?ve MM patients. Furthermore, scRNA-seq, transcriptomic data, and flow cytometry also showed an increased proportion of CD16 + monocytes/macrophages and expression level of CD16. Cell-cell communication analysis indicated that monocytes/macrophages, whose related important signaling pathways include migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interleukin 16 (IL-16) signaling pathway, are key players in treatment-na?ve MM patients. Conclusions::Our findings provide a comprehensive and in-depth molecular characterization of BM immune cell census in MM patients, especially for monocytes/macrophages. Targeting macrophages may be a novel treatment strategy for patients with MM.

The standard system refers to the scientific organic whole formed by the internal connections of stand-ards within a certain range.The completeness of the drug standard system plays a crucial role in ensuring drug safety.Pharmacopoeia is the core of the drug standard system.This article compared the architecture of the Chi-nese Pharmacopoeia,the United States Pharmacopoeia,the European Pharmacopoeia,and the Japanese Pharma-copoeia on the aspects of overall architecture,monographs architecture,general notice architecture,general tech-nical requirements architecture,and other standard architecture,as well as the implementation of various types of standards,aiming to provide reference for the optimization and improvement of the standard system of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

BackgroundThe schizophrenia is majorly treated with drug and through physical therapy. However， both treatments would lead to adverse reactions， which could affect therapy adherence and treatment efficacy. Previous studies have shown that aerobic exercise can help alleviate cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease and depressive disorder. At present， little research has been done on such alleviation in schizophrenia patients. ObjectiveTo explore the effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function in male patients with chronic schizophrenia， so as to provide references for relevant treatments. MethodsA total of 76 male patients with chronic schizophrenia hospitalized in the Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu between December 2022 and April 2023 were selected as the study subjects and， in accordance with random number table， divided into study group （n=36） and control group （n=40）. Both groups received conventional drug treatment. On this basis， the study group received a 60-minute aerobic exercise 5 times a week for 8 weeks as intervention. Before and after intervention， assessment of cognitive function was performed by using MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery （MCCB） and Stroop Color Word Test （SCWT）. ResultAfter intervention， compared with the control group， the study group spent less time on finishing the Trail Making Test and scored higher in both the spatial span test and maze test （Z=-2.070， -2.306， -2.375， P<0.05）. Repeated measure ANOVA results showed that the time main effect of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test score was statistically significant in the two groups after intervention （F=39.067， P<0.05）. So was the interaction effect between the time and group of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test and Verbal Fluency Test scores （F=10.092， 9.252， P<0.05）. After intervention， the scores of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test and Verbal Fluency Test in the study group were higher than those in the control group （t=6.689， 4.249， P<0.05）. As for the study group itself， the scores were higher than those before intervention （t=23.746， 23.842， P<0.05）. After intervention， the numbers of correct reading in color test and word test in the study group were more than those in the control group （Z=-2.358， -2.771， P<0.05）. The interaction effect between the time and group of the reaction time in color test， word test and color word interference test were statistically significant in both groups （F=23.383， 19.888， 19.662， P<0.05）. After intervention， the reaction time in color test and color word interference test of the study group was shorter than those of the control group （t=4.895， 6.163， P<0.05）. As for the study group itself， the reaction time were shorter than before intervention （t=54.318， 42.425， 42.141， P<0.01）. ConclusionAerobic exercise may help alleviate the cognitive problems in male patients with chronic schizophrenia in terms of information processing speed， working memory， reasoning/problem solving ability， word learning and memorizing， visual learning and memorizing， and executive function. ［Funded by Wuhu Science and Technology Plan Project （number， 2021jc2-3）］

The risk of graft loss is relatively high in early stages after pancreatic transplantation so that some patients are placed back on a waiting list for pancreatic transplantation. This review summarized the experiences of two recipients of pancreatic re-transplantation after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Both patients could successfully discontinue insulin dosing, blood sugar levels were maintained at a normal level and function of kidney graft improved obviously as compared to pre-transplant levels.