European countries have long history of medical education.Medical colleges have their independence in comprehensive universities and have high degree of standardization ad systematization in management.Besides,long schooling and high cost,small-size class teaching,good matrabulate quality and the combination of professional and part-time clinic teachers are the characteristics in their talent cultivation,which guarantee the medical education quality and can be used by us for reference.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the status quo and influence factors of self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and self-efficacy of diabetes patients' that participated in community diabetes self management group.

METHODSBeijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Zhejiang were selected as the study sites considering patients management experiences they had. 1 401 adult diabetes patients were recruited from communities via health records system screening, telephone notification, poster advertisement, letters invitation ways. Face to face questionnaire survey was applied to obtain patients' general information, diabetes history, diabetes knowledge awareness, SMBG, and self-efficacy information. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between factors and self efficacy.

RESULTSThere were 519 male patients (37.0%) and 882 female patients (63.0%) with an average age of (64.9 ± 8.9) years old. Patients lived in city accounted for 48.0% (672/1 401) and rural patients accounted for 52.0% (729/1 401). Patients who conducted SMBG accounted for 79.9% (1 120/1 401) and 33.3% (446/1 401) patients conducted blood glucose monitoring 1-3 times per month. Rural patients, primary school educated, and new rural cooperative medical system (NCMS) covered patients had a higher proportion of never conducting SMBG which were 21.9% (160/729), 24.2% (160/662), and 26.3% (125/475) , respectively. Scores of self-efficacy was (69.24 ± 16.30) (hundred-mark system) with a relative lower score in monitoring of blood glucose (64.09 ± 20.08) and foot care (63.63 ± 21.40), as well as a highest score in taking medicine and insulin injections (76.10 ± 22.00). Multiple regression analysis on self-efficacy and its related factors show a negative correlation between patients' place of residence and self-efficacy (β' = -0.076) and a positive correlation between education and self-efficacy (β' = 0.114) as well as between diabetes knowledge awareness and self-efficacy (β' = 0.193)(t = -2.46, 3.71, 7.18, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCommunity diabetes patients had a low self-efficacy and it was even lower among low economic and education degree patients. The worst parts were SMBG and foot care. Place of residence, education, and diabetes knowledge awareness are factors that influence patients' self efficacy.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus ; therapy ; Female ; Foot ; Humans ; Insulin ; Male ; Medication Adherence ; statistics & numerical data ; Middle Aged ; Regression Analysis ; Self Efficacy ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between preoperative frailty and postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy.Methods:The elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy in the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University were collected.The general data, frailty status, parameters of blood and operation-related parameters were recorded.The patients were divided into PPC group and non-PPC group according to whether PPCs occurred during hospitalization, and the differences between the parameters were compared.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors for PPCs.Stratification analysis and interaction test were used to further analyze the relationship between frailty and PPCs.Results:A total of 298 elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy were included in this study, and the incidence of PPCs was 22.8%.Compared with non-PPC group, the albumin and FEV 1/FVC were decreased, and age, blood creatinine, ratio of diabetes mellitus, ratio of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and rate of preoperative frailty were significantly increased in PPC group ( P<0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that COPD and preoperative frailty were independent risk factors for PPCs.After adjusting all the risk variables, the frail patients had a 171% increased risk of PPCs compared with non-frail patients ( OR value=2.71, 95%CI: 1.18-4.73, P<0.05). The results of subgroup analysis showed that body mass index and operation time had effect modification on the association between frailty and PPCs (interaction P<0.05). Conclusion:COPD and preoperative frailty are independent risk factors for PPCs in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy, and the frail patients with obesity or long operation time are at higher risk of PPCs.