The clinical symptoms of functional constipation in the elderly are more unique which represents as over concern about their bowel movement,excessive straining and worse feelings to the constipation.The intestinal physiological function declining with age,reductions of enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal,neuronal degeneration and injured contractibility of intestinal smooth cells are enrolled in the pathogenesis of functional constipation.More attention should be paid to drug interactions and adverse effects in clinical practice due to more underlying disease and concomitant medication in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Brain tissue is the most complex structure of human development. Many human brain diseases are difficult to reproduce in animals, so the establishment of an in vitro model of brain development has a very important research value. In recent years, with the rapid development of the field of stem cells, an artificial tissue culture technology has emerged, that is, through the three-dimensional culture in vitro, stem cells from a single cell are produced into a complex structure resembling whole organs, which is called organoids. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of brain organ in recent years from the aspects of the current situation of brain organ culture, pathogenesis, histological characteristics and application in nervous system diseases, and analyze the research defects of brain organ in order to provide reference for the research in related fields. METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed databases were searched by the first author for related studies published from January 1998 to June 2019. The keywords were “organoids, cerebral organoids, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, neurogenesis, cerebral cortex, development, neurodegenerative disease” in Chinese, and “organoids, cerebral organoids, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, neurogenesis, cerebral cortex, development, neurological diseases, self-organization” in English. Finally, 45 eligible articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cerebral organoids can be effectively developed in vitro by using the self-organization of pluripotent stem cells and adding nerve-inducing factors. As a new biological culture technology, cerebral organoids have great research and application value in investigating development of living tissue, the mechanism of disease formation, tissue replacement therapy and drug experiments.

Objective To study the treatment and control status of patients with diabetes in urban communities in our country. Method structured questionnaire survey with physical examination were conducted by well-trained investigator, the participants were patient with diabetes diagnosed at least one year ago in four communities from four cities of China. Result 1047 adults with diabetes were investigated, predominantly type 2 diabetes. 50.9% of participants had hypertension, 32.7% of participants had hyperlipidemia. 70.8% of patients were treated with oral medication alone, 10.2% with insulin alone, 6.3% with oral medication plus insulin, and 9.8% without any medication. So, total about 16.5% of patients were treated with insulin. The well-performed proportion of medication, diet, physical activity, self-management education and blood sugar monitoring were 81.2%, 69.4%, 80.6%, 69.8% and 66.9%, respectively. Participants who well-practised all the five treatment strategies accounted for 34.9% of all participants. Out of all participants, 63% participants had poor FBG control and 50% had poor BP control. Conclusion Most patients with diabetes in urban community receive nonstandard treatment and most of them had poor FBG control and BP control.

0.05), the same results were seen in the interferential experiment groups and the positive group. There were no alternating effects between nano red elemental selenium and CCl4. Conclusion In the present paper, nano red elemental selenium does not show an adverse effect on the liver of rats and a protective effect on liver injury induced by CCl4.

Objective In order to investigate the influence of reelin deficiency on the hippocampal development, the histochemical characteristics of hippocampal pyramidal cells and granule cells of reeler mice were analyzed, therefore, reelin's function would be better understood with more morphological evidences. Methods With immunofluorescent double labeling, the pyramidal cells, granule cells and mossy cells in hippocampi between wild type and reeler mice were labeled. Results The development and lamination of hippocampal cortical plate were in disorder. Pyramidal cells and granule cells dispersed, and moreover, granule cells proliferated rapidly and migrated into hilus, so that the bound between granule layer and hilus disappeared. Conclusion As a stop signal and regulatory signal, reelin plays important roles in neuronal migration of developing cortical plate, especially in the regulation of granule cell proliferation.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease(CKD)in the adult population receiving healthy examination from Xinjiang. Methods A total of 10 025 subjects who were older than 20 years and received healthy examination in Health Center of the First Affiliated Hospital,Xinjiang Medical University,from January 2009 to April 2010 were enrolled. Results The prevalence of proteinuria was 4.86%(95%CI:4.44%-5.28%),hematuria 3.13%(95%CI:2.79%-3.47%),and reduced eGFR 2.66%(95%CI:2.34%-2.98%).Approximately 9.60%(95%CI:9.02%-10.18%)of these subjects had at least one indicator of kidney damage.Albuminuria was independently associated with male,systolic blood pressure,BMI,glycometabolism abnormity, hypertriglyceridemia.Hematuria was independently associated with female,minority,aystolic blood pressure.Reduced eGFR was independently associated with female,age,obesity,hyperlipidemia,hyperuricemia.Age,gender,glycometabolism abnormity,systolic blood pressure,hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia were independently correlated with CKD. Conclusions The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is 9.60%in the adult population receiving healthy examination,which is quite high and should be considered.The spectrum and correlated factors of CKD in this population are similar to studies reported.

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Direct Assay (MTD) for rapid detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis rRNA and Multi-locus PCR for M.bovis BCG strain typing in patients with suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods From June 2010 to December 2011,47 children and 75 adult patients with suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Shanghai public health clinical center were recruited.Also 48 non-tuberculosis patients were taken as a negative control.Clinical specimens from these patients were collected.Acid fast stain,solid culture,liquid culture,and MTD were used to detect all clinical specimens simultaneously.Screen tuberculosis strains of the culture isolates by MPT64 antigen assay and use Multi-locus PCR for the BCG strain genotyping of the isolates without MPT64 antigen.SPSS16.0 was used to analyse the results.Results The sensitivity for acid fast stain,solid culture,liquid culture and MTD test was 10.7％ (13/122),11.5％ (14/122),16.4％ (20/122) and 37.7％ (46/122),respectively.And the specificity of MTD was 100.0％.Six clinical isolates from children were identified as BCG by Multi-locus PCR typing,the same with chemical tests.Conclusions The MTD assay and the MGIT960 liquid culture are effective and reliable method for diagnosing extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.And Multi-locus PCR can be assisted for the early diagnosis of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients with suspected BCG infection.

Objective To investigate the situation of subjective well-being feeling of type 2 diabetes patients and its influential factors.Methods One hundred and twenty-seven patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited as our subjects and all of them were performed the questionnaire investigation about well-being feeling.Influential factors were analyzed through several statistic methods.Results The index of subject wellbeing ranged from 3.70 to 13.70 and the average was 10.67 ± 2.10 of all type 2 diabetes patients.Of which The index of total affectation was 5.11 ± 0.92 and the range was from 2.63 to 6.63.The score of life satisfaction was 5.58 ± 1.22,and the range was from 1.10 to 7.70.Index of subjective well-being significantly associated with education,family income,therapy approach,HbA1 c level,complication,medicine burden.However there was no correlation with gender,age,diabetes duration.Conclusion The main types of subjective well-being feeling of patients with type 2 diabetes were positive effect and positive experience.Many factors could be the influence factor to well-being.Measures should be taken to improve Subjective well-being of type 2 diabetes patients.

Objective:To analyse the methord and effects of intermaxillary traction(IMT)screws used in the treatment of jaw frac-ture.Methods:In the treatment of 1 68 cases of jaw fracture IMT screws were used for the restoration of normal and stable occlusion. The screw number,position,traction effect and postoperative complications of the treatment were analysed.Results:705 screws were used in 168 patients,4 screws were used in each of 147 cased (88%),6 in 12(7%),5 in 9(5%).336(47.7%)screws were fixed between the roots of first and second premolar,292(41 .4%)between the roots of canine and first premolar,50 (7.1%)be-tween the roots of second premolar and first molar,27(3.8%)between the other tooth roots.Normal postoperative occlusion relation was achived by the use of screws in 92 cases without traction.Occlusion disharmony or deviation was found in 76 cases by the used of screws and was restored to normlal by 1 4-day traction in 71 cases.The total efficiency of the treatment was 97%.Pain of the mucosa surrounding the screws was observed in 23 cases (1 3.7%).Root damage,traction screw loosening and adjacent tooth dislocation were observed in 1 3(1 .8%),1 1 (1 .6%)and 2(0.3%)cases respectively.Conclusion:For the fixation of IMT screws,the posi-tions between tooth root from canine to first molar were most common and safe.The fixation point should be in 5 ~8mm below the gin-gival margin.Use of 4-6 screws can meet treatment need.

Objective:To study the effects of the surgical treatment of nerve avulsion inside and outside the mandibular cannel.Methods:34 patients with trigeminal neuralgia of the third division,received neurotomy and avulsion of inferior alveolar nerve in the mandibular cannel above the lingual or through the mental foramen,concurrently with the avulsion of buccal nerve.Patients were fol-lowed up for 2-4 years.Results:All the operations were successfully completed,The wounds were well-healed.All patients felt that pain disappeared in the area innervated by inferior alveolar nerve.During the 2-4 years of follow-up,no recurrence was found.Conclusion:Inferior alveolar nerve neurotomy and avulsion in the mandibular cannel is simple,safe and effective in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia of the third division.