Objective To understand the epidemic status of Kala azar in Gannan of Gansu Province and to provide a scientific basis for making effective control measures.Methods The epidemic monitoring data of Gannan Kala azar from the infectious disease network direct reporting system and the Gannan County Center for Disease Prevention and Control was collected, descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the distribution of Kala azar.Results From 2005 to 2014, a total of 285 Kala azar cases were reported, the incidence rate was 4.21/one hundred thousand (285/6 764 645).The incidence rate in 2005 was the lowest (1.97/one hundred thousand, 13/658 961), in 2011 was the highest (6.39/one hundred thousand, 44/689 104).The cases mainly distributed in the Bailongjiang Valley in Zhouqu County (14.97/one hundred thousand, 200/1 336 150) and Diebu County (14.29/one hundred thousand, 76/531 915).Gannan had reported the cases of Kala azar all year round, and the cases were sporadically distributed.The time of the disease mainly occurred from May to August.The incidence rate in male (58.60％, 167/285), children under 5 years old (43.86％, 125/285) and farmers and herdsmen (25.26％,72/285) accounted for the major parts.In addition to Luqu County and Xiahe County, other counties had cases of imported Kala azar.Conclusion Kala azar in Gannan is happened sporadically year round.Long-term mechanism need to be established;investment funding should be ensured;the monitoring of the epidemic should be strengthened;the epidemic situation of Kala azar should be timely reported in order to effectively prevent and control the epidemic of Kala azar in Gansu.

Objective:BALB/C mice model infected with different Dengue Type 2 virus (DV 2) strains was evaluated and dynamic patterns of humoral immune responses caused by the various viral strains were investigated.Methods:The BALB/C mice were multisubcutaneouly injected by different DV 2 strains. The dynamic changes of the anti-DV 2 IgM/IgG antibody were observed in the infected BALB/C mice by the indrect ELISA and the viremia was observed.Results:The productions of specific antibodies in the infected BALB/C mice after primary and secondary injection with different DV 2 strains showed some difference. Howerer, BALB/C mice infected by the DV 2 B strain from a DHF patient showed the prolonged viremia.Conclusion:The dynamic curve of specific antibody and the viremia induced by various DV 2 strain (DV 2 NGC strain.V.DV 2 B strain) were different in some existence.

Objective:BALB/C mice model infected with DV2 NGC strain was evaluated and dynamic patterns of cytokines were investigated.Methods:The dynamic changes of cytokines were observed in the infected BALB/C mice model by indirect ELISA was observed.Results:The dynamic levels of IL-4、IFN-? in the plasma of BALB/C mice after primary and secondary infected DV2 NGC strain were different.The results showed that the levels of IL-4 were significantly increasing in the early primary infected BALB/C mice while that of IFN-? were lower;In secondary infection ,IL-4 reached a peak on the first day( 4294 668 ? 349 038 pg/ml) and then the levels of IFN-? were higher on the forth and eleventh day.The concentrations of the cytokines produced infectious animals had closely relationship with the doses of DV2.Conclusion:Infection eliciting a dominant humonral immune response induced a high expression of Th2-related cytokines,whereas those show some appearance of Th1 cytokines.Th1 response,as described late for the disease infected with DV2 NGC strain,played a role while it inhibited Th2 response to some extend.Thus,it was responsible to recovery.Th cell and the cytokines were critic to the DV infective diseases.

Objective To understand the epidemic situation of hydatid disease in Gansu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture(Gannan state) Gannan Province,and prevalence of the disease in population,livestock and final host dogs,and to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures.Methods In 2012:①An investigation was carried out according to the requirements of Technical Solutions of Hydatid Disease Prevalence,Gansu Province; in every county(city) of Gannan Prefecture,administrative villages were selected as survey units,by stratified cluster sampling based on the semi agricultural semi pastoral areas,pastoral areas,agricultural areas and towns.According to the proportion of the population of each layer to the population of each county,the number of people and the number of villages to be surveyed were determined.Sixteen villages were selected,and 200 people were selected in each village(from a neighboring village to make up the insufficient number in case of need),and B ultrasound method was used to carry out the census.②Children serum survey:stratification was done according to pastoral areas,semi agricultural semi pastoral areas,agricultural areas and towns population in each county(city),1 primary school was selected,children less than 12 years old were examined by B Ultrasound,and serum antibodies of Echinococcus granulosus were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).③ Surveillance of source of infection:in the selected villages,20 kennel households were selected in each village,dog feces was collected,and canine Echinococcus antigen was detected by double antibody sandwich ELISA method.④)Monitoring of intermediate host:1 000 sheep (or 500 cattle) were selected in each county(city),and hydatid disease was examined by anatomical method.⑤Investigation of health education was done in the form of a questionnaire survey of hydatid disease prevention knowledge and behavior survey on the awareness rate.Results The prevalence rate of population was 0.10％ (29/28 960); prevalence rate of herdsmen was 0.13％ (17/13 015); farmers prevalence rate was 0.06％(8/12 780); in children under 12 years of age,the infection rate was 2.64％ (336/12 728) ; dog infection rate were 3.90％ (117/3 001) ; livestock infection rate was 1.72％ (121/7 027); and the infection rates of cattle and sheep were 2.41％(38/1 574) and 1.52％(83/5 453),respectively.The rate increased from 40％(720/1 800) to 70％(1 260/1 800) of hydatid disease prevention knowledge awareness in farmers and herdsmen after health education.Conclusions The scope of hydatid disease in Gannan Prefecture is broad; the patient population mainly is herdsmen,and farmer is second.Epidemic factors include contact canine and vices; the farmers and herdsmen have low awareness of hydatid disease prevention knowledge.Poor production and lifestyle are difficult to change in the short term,we need to further strengthen the prevention measures.

We used ribosome engineering technology, with which antibiotic-resistant strains are resulted from mutations on microbial ribosome, to screen a high butanol-producing Clostridium strain. A novel mutant strain S3 with high butanol production and tolerance was obtained from the original Clostridium acetobutylicum L7 with the presence of mutagen of streptomycin. Butanol of 12.48 g/L and ethanol of 1.70 g/L were achieved in S3, 11.2% and 50%, respectively higher than the parent strain. The conversion rate of glucose to butanol increased from 0.19 to 0.22, and fermentation time was 9 h shorter. This caused an increase in butanol productivity by 30.5%, reaching 0.24 g/(Lh). The mutant butanol tolerance was increased from 12 g/L to 14 g/L, the viscosity of fermentation broth was dramatically decreased to 4 mPa/s, 60% lower than the parent strain. In addition, the genetic stability of mutant strain S3 was also favorable. These results demonstrate that ribosome engineering technology may be a promising process for developing high butanol-producing strains.
Butanols ; metabolism ; Clostridium acetobutylicum ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Genetic Engineering ; Mutation ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Ribosomes ; genetics ; Streptomycin ; pharmacology

Objective To evaluate the value of diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)combined with conventional MRI in the differential diagnosis between fibrothecomas and malignant pelvic solid tumors.Methods Conventional MRI and DWI of 23 fibrothecomas in 22 patients and 26 malignant pelvic solid tumors were analyzed retrospectively.ADC values between the two groups were compared by the Student's t-test.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was applied to determin the ability of the lowest and mean ADC values to differentiate thecomas/fibrothecomas from malignant pelvic solid masses.Group differences in shape,border,T2WI signal intensity,DWI signal intensity,enhancement degree and CA125 levels were compared with χ2test.Results In the fibrothecoma group,hypo-,iso-,hyper-and mixed intensity on T2WI accounted for 52.2%,17.4%,8.7% and 21.7%,respectively.In the malignant pelvic solid tumor group,all masses showed hyperintensity on T2WI.The mean ADC value of fibrothecomas[(1.24±0.30)×10-3mm2/s]was significantly higher than that of malignant pelvic solid tumors[(0.89 ± 0.22)×10-3mm2/s](t=4.571,P<0.001).In the ROC curve analysis,when the lowest ADC value of 1.01×10-3mm2/s was used as the cut-off value,sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 78.3%,80.2% and 79.6%,respectively.There were significantly statistical differences between groups in shape,border,T2WI signal intensity,DWI signal intensity,enhancement degree and CA125 levels.Conclusion The combination of DWI and conventional M RI is of great value in the differential diagnosis between fibrothecomas and malignant pelvic solid tumors,which could provide references for gynecologists to make better choices of clinical treatment strategies.

Objective To understand the epidemic trend and characteristics of echinococcosis in Zhuoni County, and to provide evidence for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods From 2008 to 2016, according to the "Monitoring Program for Prevention and Control of Echinococcosis in Gansu", a cluster sampling method was adopted to examine the prevalence of echinococcosis in the villages and towns of Zhuoni County with the administrative village as a unit; B ultrasonic examination was used to study the prevalence of echinococcosis in the population. According to "the Diagnostic Criteria of Echinococcosis"( WS 257-2006), epidemiological history and clinical manifestations, the detection rate of echinococcosis was calculated; children under 12 years of age in one rural primary school were surveyed every year in each of the disease affected county; venous blood was collected, serum was separated, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the IgG antibody of echinococcosis, and the positive rate of IgG antibody of echinococcosis in children was calculated; 50 - 100 households were sellected every year in each of the disease affected village and town, one sample of canine feces was collected from each household, the fecal antigen of echinococcus canis was detected via the double antibody sandwich ELISA method, and the positive rate of dog fecal antigen was calculated; every year 700 sheep or 300 cattle were randomly dissected at the slaughterhouse of Zhuoni County , and their organs such as liver and lungs of slaughtered cattle and sheep were examined, the infection rate of echinococcosis in the year was calculated. Results From 2008 to 2016, echinococcus detection rate in Zhuoni County was 0.18％(200/108522), and all of the cases were cystic;the detection rate of female (0.23％, 123/53556) was higher than that of male (0.14％, 77/54966), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=11.83, P<0.05);the number of farmer cases was the highest (58.00％, 116/200), followed by herdsmen (39.50％, 79/200);96.94％(95/98) of the administrative villages in Zhuoni County had echinococcus;the disease was most severe in pure pastoral areas (0.44％, 15/3423), followed by semi pastoral areas (0.37％, 29/7756), and cities and towns the least (0.06％, 16/25923). The positive rate of IgG in children with echinococcus was 2.13％(235/11048), the infection rate of echinococcus canis was 1.71％(183/10711), and the infection rate of echinococcus in livestock was 1.36％ (100/7348). The detection rate of echinococcus decreased from 1.02％(106/10350) in 2009 to 0.03％(3/11804) in 2016, the IgG positive rate of echinococcus in children dropped from 7.50％ (9/120) in 2008 to 0.71％ in 2016 (9/1264), the infection rate of echinococcus canis decreased from 3.13％(47/1500) in 2009 to 0.30％(3/1000) in 2016, and the rate of echinococcus in livestock infection decreased from 4.21％ (34/807) in 2010 to 0.30％(3/1000) in 2016. Conclusions County wide epidemic of echinococcus is found in Zhuoni with serious damage; after 9 years of comprehensive prevention and control, the detection rate of echinococcosis, IgG positive rate of echinococcus in children, positive rate of echinococcus granulosus antigen in domestic dogs and infection rate of echinococcosis in livestock are all decreased significantly. It shows that comprehensive prevention and control strategy has achieved remarkable results.

Objective To investigate the predictive factors of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage(SICH) and the effect on outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic strokecaused by anterior circulation tandem occlusion. Methods From January 2014 to September 2018, patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior circulation tandem occlusion and treated by endovascular mechanical thrombectomy from the Departments of Neurology in 5 general hospitals (the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University,General Hospital of Eastern Theatre Command of PLA, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College,Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University of PLA) were enrolled retrospectively. SICH was evaluated according to the criteria of Heidelberg Bleeding Classification. The functional outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 d after onset, and 0-2 was defined as good outcome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of SICH on the outcome at 90 d and the independent risk factors for SICH. Results A total of 124 patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior circulation tandem occlusion and treated by endovascular mechanical thrombectomy were enrolled in this study. Among them, 19 (15. 3％) had SICH, 60 (48. 4％) had good outcomes, and 28 (22. 6％) died. The incidence of poor outcomes (94. 7％ vs. 43. 8％; χ2 = 16. 708, P < 0. 001 ) and mortality (57. 9％ vs.16. 2％; P < 0. 001 ) in the SICH group were significantly higher than those in the non-SICH group.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that SICH was an independent risk factor for poor outcome(odds ratio [OR] 27. 78, 95％ confidence interval [CI] 2. 60-96. 70; P = 0. 006), while larger infarct core(low ASPECT score) was the only independent predictor of SICH (OR 2. 63, 95％ CI 1. 18-5. 88; P =0. 018). Conclusion In patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior circulation tandem occlusion and treated by endovascular mechanical thrombectomy, SICH is associated with poor outcome and higher mortality at 3 months, and larger preoperative infarction core is an independent predictor of SICH.