In recent years, there is much debate on how much cholesterol should be taken in with diet. This article reviews the dietary guidelines, recommendations, and strategies of some national and international organizations since the mid-20th century. The dietary cholesterol was systematically combed and interpreted on its intake for the general population and special population. We would like to help the professionals and public better understand the meaning of the guidelines, to eliminate the misunderstanding of dietary cholesterol and to establish the correct concept of healthy eating pattern.

Objective To discuss the efficacy of ambroxol hydrochloride inhalation in treatment of infantile pneumonia.Methods Totally 80 pneumonia infants were selected and randomly divided into two groups.The control group (39 cases) were given anti-infection,cough-relieved,and other treatment.The observation group (41 cases) were given ambroxol hydrochloride inhalation on the basis of control group treatment.The efficacy of ambroxol hydrochloride inhalation in treatment of infantile pneumonia was evaluated by efficacy,clinical symptoms disappearing time,red blood cell hematocrit,blood viscosity,and adverse reaction during treatment.Results After treatment,the effective rate of observation group was higher than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).There were 38 infants in observation group and 28 infants in control group with cough and dyspnea alleviated and phlegm reduced.After atomizing inhalation of ambroxol hydrochloride,the cough,pulmonary rales disappearing time and hospitalization time were significantly shortened (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment,the red blood cell hematocrit and blood viscosity of observation group was lower than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).During treatment,there was no statistical significance on adverse reaction between two groups.Conclusion Ambroxol hydrochloride inhalation has a good curative effect on infantile pneumonia.It could improve the symptoms of pneumonia and reduce blood viscosity with good safety,which is worthy of clinical use.

Immunohistochemistry examination showed that SOX-2 was expressed in all 23 cases of odontogenic cyst and in 2 cases of poly-cystic ameloblastoma.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of cryoablation combined with zoledronic acid sequential therapy for bone metastases pain. Methods Twenty-four patients from our depart-ment suffering from malignant tumors with moderate to severe pain due to bone metastases were enrolled in this study. Those patients with 28 metastatic bone tumors were successfully treated with cryoablation operations under CT-guided. Three days after cryoablation they were offered zoledronic acid(4 mg added in 100 ml normal saline,dripping for more than 15 min),once 4 weeks. Pain level and life quality were respectively evaluated by NRS(Numerical rating scale)and KPS(Karnofsky performance status),before cryoablation,3 days after cryoablation,2 weeks and 12 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy. Results Without serious compli-cations,all of 24 patients were successfully punctured to tumor lesions. Patients’pain scores were 7. 70 ± 0. 86 (before cryoablation),3. 29 ± 0. 95(3 d after cryoablation),2. 54 ± 0. 83(2 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy)and 2. 17 ± 0. 76(12 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy),with a significant sta-tistical difference between pretherapy and post-treatment(F = 530. 64,P < 0. 001);during observation period after treatment,the effective rate in pain was 91. 67% . KPS scores were 45. 83 ± 6. 54(before cryoablation), 49. 58 ± 6. 24(3 d after cryoablation),61. 67 ± 7. 01(2 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy)and 78. 33 ± 8. 68(12 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy),with a significant statistical difference between pretherapy and post-treatment(F = 418. 99,P < 0. 001);during observation period after treatment, the effective rate in KPS was 75. 00% . Six months after the treatment,there were 10 cases of CR,11 cases of PR,and the effective rate was 87. 50% . Conclusion Cryoablation combined with zoledronic acid may be an effective therapeutic method with good safety in the treatment of patients with bone metastases pain.

Objective To investigate the number of osteoclast (OC) precursor in the peripheral blood of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and its relationship with serum receptor activator of nuclear factor KB-ligand (RANKL) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentration as well as the disease activity. Methods The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 8 cases of AS patients and 5 healthy controls were cultured in the medium containing macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (25 ng/ml) and RANKL (40 ng/ml). After being cultured for 14 days, cytochemistry was applied to detect tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression and the cells with TRAP expression and ≥3 nuclei were counted and defined as OC. Bone resorption assay was used to demonstrate OC function. ELISA was used to measure serum RANKL and OPG concentration in 23 cases of AS and 17 healthy controls. The relationship was analyzed in AS patients between the number of OC precursors and serum RANKL and OPG concentration as well as the disease activity. The indicators of disease activity were Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). T test, t' test and Spearman correlation were selec-ted. Results ① Significantly higher OC production was observed in the peripheral blood of AS patients than that of healthy control group. The OC number per ten fields was 10.9±3.4 and 6.2±1.3 respectively (P<0.05); ② There was significant difference between AS patients and healthy controls in serum concentration of OPG and RANKL and the ratio of RANKL/OPG. OPG was significantly higher in AS patients [(157±49) pg/ml] than in healthy controls [(105±20) pg/ml] (P<0.05). RANKL was significantly higher in AS patients [(5.4± 3.8) pg/ml] than in healthy controls [(1.6±0.8) pg/ml] (P<0.05). The ratio of RANKL/OPG was significantly higher in AS patients (0.037±0.026) than in healthy controls (0.016±0.008) (P<0.01 );③Significantly positive correlation was observed between the OC number and the serum concentration of RANKL (r=0.692, P=0.009), the ratio of RANKL/OPG (r=0.813, P=0.001);④ In AS patients, serum concentration of OPG was found to have significantly negative correlation with BASDAI (r=-0.444, P=0.044). Serum RANKL concentration was found to have significantly positive correlation with BASDAI (r=0.543, P=0.011). The ratio of RANKL/OPG was found to have significantly positive correlation with BASDAI (r=0.672, P=0.001). Conclusion ① More OC precursors exist in the peripheral blood of AS patients. These cells may differentiate into osteoclasts, which might play a role in joints destructions in AS;② The mechanism of high OC production is likely to be due to high RANKL concentration which is caused by inflammatory reaction.

0.05).The frequency of action potential evoked by electric current was higher after perfusion of iberiotoxin,as well as thei level during depolarization(n=9,P

Cryoablation,a kind of physical ablation for tumor treatment,is minimally invasive,safe and effective.Studies suggest that cryoablation can not only kill tumor cells directly,but also the anti-tumor immune response triggered by cryoablation plays an important role in inhibiting the growth of local tumors and eliminating the residual tumor cells.

Objective To investigate the role of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) in neuronal Ca2+ overload following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Neuronal cells of C57BL/6 mouse cortex were collected and cultured. Patch-clamp technique was applied to investigate the changes of intracellular free calcium [Ca2+] i and firing frequency of neuronal action potentials in rest condition or evoked by 100 pA electric current lasting 500 ms after perfusion of Iberiotoxin ( 100 nmmol/L), a BK specific blocker. The cells were divided randomly into experimental group ( plus Iberiotoxin) and control group. Extracellular solution of cultured neurons was further perfused with KCl (20 mmol/L) to induce elevation of [Ca2 +]i and influence of Iberiotoxin ( 100 nmol/L) on amplitude of [Ca2 +] i elevation was determined. Results No significant changes of neuronal spontaneous action potential frequency and [Ca2 +]i were observed in rest condition after perfusion of Iberiotoxin (P＞0.05).However, when evoked by electric current, the frequency of action potential was (10.4 ± 3.0) Hz,which was increased to ( 13.8 ± 3.7 ) Hz after perfusion of Iberiotoxin, with statistical difference (P＜0.05 ). The [Ca2 +] i level was ( 14.21 ± 16.98 ) nmol/Lbefore perfusion with Iberiotoxin but was increased to (44.07 ± 34. 4) nmol/L after perfusion of Iberiotoxin (P ＜ 0.05 ). Extracellular high concentration of KCl increased [Ca2 +] i of neurons, while perfudion of Iberiotoxin further elevated [Ca2 +]i (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion BK may play an important role in the regulation of neuronal [Ca2+] i and in neuronal Ca2+overload following TBI.

Objective To investigate the methods and therapeutic effects of anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps for reconstruction of soft tissue defects around the ankle.Methods A retrospective case series study was made on 30 patients treated with anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps for traumatic soft tissue defects around the tibia between January 2010 and June 2016.There were 22 males and eight females,with the age range of 16-58 years [(41.5 ± 1.2) years].Dimension of the soft tissue defect ranged from 9 cm ×4 cm to 23 cm × 12 cm.Flap stabilization time,flap survival rate,postoperative complications,second plastic surgery rate,and ankle joint function by Baird-Jackson score were recorded.Results All patients were followed up for (13.0 ± 5.4) months (range,6-24 months).Time for flap stabilization was (6.5 ± 1.1) days.All flaps survived except in one patients with flap loss due to postoperative arterial thrombosis.Postoperatively,one patient had arterial crisis,one had venous thrombosis,and one presented sinus formation due to infection.No second plastic surgery was carried out.According to the Baird-Jackson score,the results were excellent in 25 patients and good in five.Conclusion Anterolateral thigh perforator free flaps for reconstruction of traumatic soft tissue defects around the tibia has advantages of easy harvesting and survival,less postoperative complications,less second surgery,and good function recovery.

Objective To explore the profiles of physical activity domains among professionals with different occupational activity patterns.Methods A cluster random sampling method was used to recruit employed adults aged 30-60 years in Beijing as well as Zhejiang province.The information on the physical activity domains was collected with a revised Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ).Results Of 3 326 professionals,about 30.79％,50.75％ and 18.46％ adults had Class Ⅰ (mostly sedentary reading or writing during work time) ,Class Ⅱ (mostly working with arms or legs with little effort) ,and Class Ⅲ (working with effort)occupational activity patterns,respectively.The median volume of leisure time activity and bicycling were all 0 Met-min/week,and no significant difference of domestic activity volume was detected among all the three classes of professionals.Of all the non-occupational activity volume among three classes of adults,domestic activity accounted for the most proportion (58.87％) performed by adults of Class Ⅱ,traffic activity accounted for the most proportion (34.2％) by those of Class Ⅲ,and leisure time activity accounted for the most proportion (12.7％) by those of Class Ⅰ.Most time was spent in sedentary behaviors by those of Class Ⅰ after hours.Conclusions Besides the generally low level of moderate activity,the diversity of the domains of physical activity among this population was evident.It is necessary to develop appropriate technology to improve physical activity for professionals with different occupational activity patterns.