In recent years, there is much debate on how much cholesterol should be taken in with diet. This article reviews the dietary guidelines, recommendations, and strategies of some national and international organizations since the mid-20th century. The dietary cholesterol was systematically combed and interpreted on its intake for the general population and special population. We would like to help the professionals and public better understand the meaning of the guidelines, to eliminate the misunderstanding of dietary cholesterol and to establish the correct concept of healthy eating pattern.

Objective: To evaluate the relation between preoperative anxiety and pain threshold in patients with hysteromyoma, and to investigate the effect of anxiety on postoperative analgesia. Methods: Fifty patients with hysteromyoma were included and evaluated the anxiety level with the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) 1 day before hysterectomy. Threshold of heat pain and cold pain of all patients were also assessed by quantitative sensory testing (QST) at the same time. All patients received hysterectomy under the combined spinal epidural anesthesia,and 2 mg morphine were injected to their epidural spaces 10 min before the end of surgery. Visual analgesia scores (VAS, 0～10) were performed to evaluate the level of pain at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h and 12 h after the operation. The time of first ambulation after operation were also recorded to help assess the effect of postoperative analgesia. Results:The average SAS scores of all these 50 patients was (48.7±10.3) . And 13 cases (26%) were with mild anxiety (SAS=50-59), whereas 5 cases (10%) were with moderate or severe anxiety (SAS≥60) . The threshold of heat pain and cold pain were (37.8±3.1)℃ and (15.8±3.6)℃.VAS at all investigated time points was 0,(1.4±1.1), (3.3±1.6) and (4.4±2.1) . There was significantly negative correlation between the SAS scores and the pain threshold of all patients with anxiety (r=-0.67, -0.56; Ps<0.001). But for these patients, the correlations between the SAS scores and VAS scores at 6h and 12h after the operation were positive (r=0.48,0.55, Ps<0.001) . Furthermore, the average time of first ambulation after operation in those anxious patients was later than that in the patients with no anxiety (SAS<50) [(46.6±7.1) h vs.(39.8±9.3) h, P <0.05].Conclusion: The higher level of preoperative anxiety in patients with hysteromyoma is correlated to higher level ofpain threshold, less effect of analgesia and longer time to recovery. It indicates that it is necessary to assess preoper-ative anxiety in patients with hysteromyoma.

Objective To study the influence of pre-hospital emergency professional technology for nerve function,disability rate and mortality in the critically injured patients.Methods One hundred critically injured patients were selected as pre-hospital group,100 critically injured patients who immediately went to hospital emergency department were selected as hospital group.The Glasgow coma score,shock index,trauma index,mortality were compared between the 2 groups.Resuts There was no statistical difference in Glasgow coma score at 12 h after treatment between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05),Glasgow coma score at 24 h after treatment in pre-hospital group was significantly higher than that in hospital group [(13.9 ± 3.6) scores vs.(11.9 ± 4.8) scores],there was statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05).The trauma index at 12,24 h after treatment in pre-hospital group were significantly lower than those in hospital group (12.1 ± 5.1 vs.14.6 ± 4.8,11.9 ± 4.6 vs.14.3 ± 3.8),there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).There were no statistical differences in shock index at 12 and 24 h after treatment and mortality (P ＞0.05).Conclusion Pre-hospital emergency professional technology has important the role for the treatment of critically injured patients.

BACKGROUND: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α may mediate mammalian cells to adapt hypoxia environment.OBJECTIVE: To observe high altitude hypoxia on the ultrastructure of the lung tissue of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression.METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent high altitude hypoxia intervention for 1, 2, 3 and 30 days. Control group was set. Four high altitude hypoxia groups consisted of Golmud, Qinghai at the altitude of 2 700 m from 5-m above sea level of Xi'an consuming 1 day, Tanggula region at 5 000 m above sea level consuming 2 days, and Tibet Nagqu at 4 500 m above sea level consuming 3 and 30 days, respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Light and electron microscopy showed that acute high altitude hypoxia 2 day group presented apparent high altitude pulmonary edema, while the 30 day group of acute high altitude hypoxia of high altitude pulmonary edema was significantly reduced, but hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mRNA expression was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mRNA expression increase in lung tissues after hypoxic acclimatization can help ameliorate high altitude pulmonary edema.

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The incidence of cervical cancer is the first place in gynecological malignant tumors in China. About 500,000 new cases accounts for 5% of all new cancer patients appeared per year all over the world.How to prolong the progression free survival and overall survival of patients with cervical carcinoma is a very important issue in the field of gynecology.So it is very important to take effective treatment.This paper reviewed the research progress of cervical carcinoma treatment in recent years,including surgical treatment,chemotherapy drugs thera?py,angiogenesis inhibitors targeted therapy,immunization therapy.

Currently,intravenous tissue plasminogen activator within 4.5 hours of stroke onset is the only proven treatment for acute ischemic stroke.However,recanalization rate within 24 hours after the administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator is low,especially when the occlusion site involves a large intracranial artery.The low recanalization rate has prompted the development of endovascular therapy.Nevertheless,all treatment is binary,there is no best but most suitable treatment.In this article we review available researches on endovascular therapy and patients selection for endovascular therapy.

arotid artery stenosis is a common clnical disease, and its treatment includes drug therapy, carotid endarterectomy and carotid angioplasty and stenting. This article reviews the advances in the management of carotid artery stenosis.

Metformin, a representative of biguanides, is currently the world's first line of treatment for type 2 diabetes. A considerable number of studies have showed that it can inhibit the occurrence and development of liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and other malignant tumors. In the field of gynecology, over the years, with the early detection rate of gynecological tumors and the improvement of surgical methods, the research on the prognosis and control of gynecological tumor has become a hot research topic in clinical and scientific research, and has been related to the research on the relationship between metformin and gynecological tumor. This shows that metformin in the field of gynecological cancer has a very optimistic prospects and research space. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress in the study of metformin in the field of gynecologic oncology.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of cryoablation combined with zoledronic acid sequential therapy for bone metastases pain. Methods Twenty-four patients from our depart-ment suffering from malignant tumors with moderate to severe pain due to bone metastases were enrolled in this study. Those patients with 28 metastatic bone tumors were successfully treated with cryoablation operations under CT-guided. Three days after cryoablation they were offered zoledronic acid(4 mg added in 100 ml normal saline,dripping for more than 15 min),once 4 weeks. Pain level and life quality were respectively evaluated by NRS(Numerical rating scale)and KPS(Karnofsky performance status),before cryoablation,3 days after cryoablation,2 weeks and 12 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy. Results Without serious compli-cations,all of 24 patients were successfully punctured to tumor lesions. Patients’pain scores were 7. 70 ± 0. 86 (before cryoablation),3. 29 ± 0. 95(3 d after cryoablation),2. 54 ± 0. 83(2 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy)and 2. 17 ± 0. 76(12 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy),with a significant sta-tistical difference between pretherapy and post-treatment(F = 530. 64,P < 0. 001);during observation period after treatment,the effective rate in pain was 91. 67% . KPS scores were 45. 83 ± 6. 54(before cryoablation), 49. 58 ± 6. 24(3 d after cryoablation),61. 67 ± 7. 01(2 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy)and 78. 33 ± 8. 68(12 weeks after zoledronic acid sequential therapy),with a significant statistical difference between pretherapy and post-treatment(F = 418. 99,P < 0. 001);during observation period after treatment, the effective rate in KPS was 75. 00% . Six months after the treatment,there were 10 cases of CR,11 cases of PR,and the effective rate was 87. 50% . Conclusion Cryoablation combined with zoledronic acid may be an effective therapeutic method with good safety in the treatment of patients with bone metastases pain.