Objectives To investigate the expression of pax-6 in retina of infant monkeys with myopia induced by optical defocus, and to determine the role of pax-6 would play or not in onset and development of myopia and emmetropization. Methods Nine healthy infant rhesus monkeys, aged from 1 to 3 months, were selected and wore spectacle lenses or underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).Transcription polymerase chain reaction method and quantitative analysis were used to determine the expression of pax-6 in the retina with myopia induced by optical defocus in different time, and the result was compared with that in retina without myopia. Results The myopia caused by hyperopic defocus was found. The expression of pax-6 in the retina with myopia induced by optical defocus was significantly higher than that in the retina without myopia(t=3.480,P=0.004). Conclusions The expression of pax-6 is enhanced by hyperopic defocus in the infant monkey retina, which suggests that pax-6 may be involved in vision-dependent eye growth and emmetropization.

Objective:To investigate the types, incidences, and clinical characteristics of shock in polytrauma patients at different stages after polytrauma.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on polytrauma patients admitted to multiple trauma centers from June 2020 to December 2021. The inclusion criteria were patients >18 years old and treated due to polytrauma. Exclusion criteria included an admission time of more than 48 h after trauma, a history of malignancy, or metabolic, consumptive, and immunological diseases. The early stage was defined as the period of ≤48 h after polytrauma, and the middle stage was defined as the period between 48 h and 14 days. The patient’s medical history, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, imaging examination, injury severity score (ISS), and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) were collected. The types, incidences, and clinical characteristics of shock in different stages after polytrauma were analyzed, according to the diagnostic criteria of each type of shock. The differences between the groups were compared by Student’s t test, χ2 test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results:The incidence of the early and middle stage shock after polytrauma were 73.1% and 36.4%, respectively, with statistically significant difference between stages ( P<0.01). There were significant differences in the incidence of hypovolemic shock (83.6% vs. 28.4%), distributed shock (13.7% vs. 80.9%) and cardiogenic shock (3.5% vs. 6.6%) between stages (all P<0.05). The incidence of obstructive shock (8.4% vs. 9.7%, P>0.05) was similar between stages. The incidence of undifferentiated shock was 1.6% and 1.2%, respectively. There were 9.5% patients with multifactorial shock in the early stage and 14.4% in the middle stage. Totally 7 combinations of multifactorial shock were found in different stages after polytrauma. In the early stage, the combination of HS and DS accounted the highest ratio (42.3%) and followed by HS and OS for 28.8%. In the middle stage, the combination of HS and DS was the most common (48.6%) and followed by DS and OS (24.3%). Conclusions:The incidence of shock in polytrauma patients is high. Different types of shock can occur simultaneously or sequentially. Therefore a comprehensive resuscitation strategy is significant to improve the success rate of treatment.

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury, are essential causes of death and long-term disability and are difficult to cure, mainly due to the limited neuron regeneration and the glial scar formation. Herein, we apply extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by M2 microglia to improve the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) at the injured site, and simultaneously modify them with the injured vascular targeting peptide (DA7R) and the stem cell recruiting factor (SDF-1) on their surface via copper-free click chemistry to recruit NSCs, inducing their neuronal differentiation, and serving as the nanocarriers at the injured site (Dual-EV). Results prove that the Dual-EV could target human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), recruit NSCs, and promote the neuronal differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Furthermore, 10 miRNAs are found to be upregulated in Dual-M2-EVs compared to Dual-M0-EVs via bioinformatic analysis, and further NSC differentiation experiment by flow cytometry reveals that among these miRNAs, miR30b-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-129-5p, and miR-155-5p may exert effect of inducing NSC to differentiate into neurons. In vivo experiments show that Dual-EV nanocarriers achieve improved accumulation in the ischemic area of stroke model mice, potentiate NSCs recruitment, and increase neurogenesis. This work provides new insights for the treatment of neuronal regeneration after CNS injuries as well as endogenous stem cells, and the click chemistry EV/peptide/chemokine and related nanocarriers for improving human health.