Objective: To investigate the awareness of adolescent sexual knowledge among primary school students in Hangzhou City, so as to provide insights into adolescent sex education. Methods: In May 2021, grades 5 and 6 students were sampled from 5 primary schools in urban areas and 5 primary schools in suburban areas of Hangzhou City. The demographic features, awareness of adolescent sexual knowledge and sources of acquiring adolescent sexual knowledge were investigated using electronic questionnaires, and the awareness of adolescent sexual knowledge were analyzed among primary school students. Results: Totally 1 812 students completed valid questionnaires, including 861 grade 5 students ( 47.52% ) and 951 grade 6 students ( 52.48% ), 936 boys ( 53.86% ) and 836 girls (46.14%), and 912 students living in urban areas (50.33%) and 900 students living in suburban areas ( 49.67% ). The awareness rates of adolescent physiological knowledge, adolescent health knowledge, private parts and sexual harassment behaviors were 53.20%, 46.30%, 60.49% and 92.55%, respectively, and the awareness rates of adolescent physiological knowledge ( 69.52% vs. 39.14%; χ2=168.001), adolescent health knowledge (55.74% vs. 38.22%; χ2=55.619 ), private parts ( 72.49% vs. 50.20%; χ2=93.550 ) and sexual harassment behaviors ( 96.05% vs. 89.55%; χ2=27.621 ) were significantly higher in girls than in boys ( all P<0.05 ). The awareness rates of adolescent physiological knowledge ( 63.72% vs. 41.58%; χ2=88.989 ), private parts ( 64.56% vs. 55.98%; χ2=13.926 ) and sexual harassment behaviors ( 93.80% vs. 91.17%; χ2=4.509 ) were significantly greater among grade 6 students than among grade 5 students ( all P<0.05 ), and the awareness rates of adolescent physiological knowledge ( 69.96% vs. 36.22%; χ2=207.041 ), adolescent health knowledge (58.99% vs. 33.44%; χ2=118.903 ) and sexual harassment behaviors ( 96.16% vs. 88.89%; χ2=34.754 ) were significantly higher among students living in urban areas than among students living in suburban areas ( all P<0.05 ). Primary school students mainly acquired sexual knowledge from their parents ( 1 208 students, 66.67% ) and teachers ( 1 161 students, 64.07%), and the source of life was the predominant demand for sexual knowledge ( 969 students, 53.48% ). Conclusions The awareness of adolescent sexual knowledge remains to be increased among grade 5 and 6 primary school students in Hangzhou City. More attention paid to male students and students living in suburban areas, and building a school-family-community educational network are recommended to increase the awareness of adolescent sexual knowledge among primary school students.

In the treatment of hiccup in the elders by acupuncture plus ear-point embedding method, main acupoints Neiguan (PC 6), Zusanli (ST 36) and Tiantu (CV 22) were treated. Qihai (CV 6) and Taixi (KI 3) were added for those with weak constitution due to old age and severe illness, Zanzhu (BL 2) added for those with cerebrovascular disease, and Zhigou (TE 6) added for those with digestive disease and constipation, and Hegu (LI 4) added for those with respiratory disease. Ear-point embedding method on Diaphragm(MA), Stomach(MA), Ershenmen(MA-TF 1), Subcortes(MA-AT1) and Kidney(MA) were conducted. Results showed cure in 45 cases, improvement in 10 cases and the effective rate was 100%.

ObjectiveTo establish a novel assay for HIV-1 p24 ultrasensitive detection based on Gold Nanoparticle Probe (GNP) and PCR.MethodsSandwich ELISA method was established by a pair of anti-p24 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs),1G12 and 1D4,and was used to detect recombinant HIV-1 p24 antigen.The bio-barcode DNA was 47 bp,selected from genome of Arabidopsis,and formed double-stranded DNA by hybridization with the capture DNA (complementary with bio-barcode DNA) modified with sulfhydryl.Then double-stranded DNA were conjugated on the surface of 1D4-modified gold nanoparticles by sulfhydryl,and the Gold Nanoparticle Probe was produced.1G12 was precoated in the micropaltes,and in the presence of target recombinant HIV-1 p24 protein,a sandwich immuno-complex would form by adding GNP.Then the bio-barcode DNA in the immuno-complex were released by heating as detection signal,and consequently characterized by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with synthesized special primers and analyzed by 4％ agar gel electrophoresis,so HIV-1 p24 antigen could be evaluated.The sensitivity comparison between the new assay and ELISA can be done.ResultsSandwich ELISA was used to quantify HIV-1 p24 antigen by monoclonal antibodies 1G12 and 1D4,and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1000 pg/ml.The new GNP assay was established by the same pair of antibodies,combined with PCR and agar gel electrophoresis,and was used to indirectly detect HIV-1 p24 antigen.The band intensity of PCR products paralleled with the quantity of HIV-1 p24 antigen,and the limit of detection (LOD) could reach down to 1 pg/ml.ConclusionThe new assay based on GNP and PCR was efficient in the detection of HIV-1 p24,which is at least 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than traditional ELISA.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Gushen Jianpi Huashi Decoction combined with irbesartan in the treatment of spleen and kidney deficiency syndrome of diabetic nephropathy (DN).Methods:According to random number table method, 97 patients with DN who met the inclusion criteria and from January 2018 to September 2020 were randomly divided into two groups, 48 in the control group and 49 in the study group. The control group took irbesartan on the basis of routine treatment of western medicine, and the study group took Gushen Jianpi Huashi Decoction on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 14 days as a course of treatment, a total of 6 courses of treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome scores were performed before and after treatment, BUN and SCr levels were detected by automatic biochemical instrument, and serum IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels were detected by ELISA. The Urinary microalbumin excretion rate (UAER) was measured by radioimmunoassay, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated and adverse reactions were recorded.Results:The total effective rate was 91.8% (45/49) in the study group and 75.0% (36/48) in the control group, and there was significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=4.99, P=0.025). The scores of TCM syndrome in the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group ( t=29.75, P<0.01). After treatment, the serum BUN [(4.49 ± 0.68) mmol/L vs. (5.16 ± 0.61) mmol/L, t=5.11], SCr [(63.42 ± 4.09) μmol/L vs. (69.01 ± 4.35) μmol/L, t=6.52] and UAER [(72.58 ± 5.88) μg/min vs. (85.63 ± 6.49) μg/min, t=10.44] in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.01), the serum IL-6, CRP and TNF-α levels in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t values were 9.44, 7.24 and 18.08, respectively, P<0.01). During the treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions was 14.6% (7/48) in the control group and 16.3% (8/49) in the study group, but there was no significant difference between two groups ( χ2=0.06, P=0.812). Conclusion:The Gushen Jianpi Huashi Decoction combined with irbesartan can improve the renal function of DN patients, reduce the level of inflammatory cytokines and improve the clinical effect.

Hepatitis C is distributed worldwide and possesses a hidden characteristic. The traditional methods of screening and diagnosis of hepatitis C infection commonly used in clinics are based on anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA detection. Advances in HCV antigen detection technologies can apparently reduce the window period for anti-HCV antibodies, providing new clinical evidence for the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of HCV infection. This article is a current review of HCV antigen detection methodologies, clinical applications, and detection strategies.

OBJECTIVE：To provide technical met hods for marketing authorization holder （MAH）to effectively use the data of adverse drug reaction （ADR），actively monitor and control the production quality risk ，and carry out drug production risk management. METHODS ：Through establishing three-dimensional risk matrix and risk trend model ，the risk early warning system of MAH production line based on ADR report data is designed and developed ；the main functions of the system were applied and analyzed according to the actual ADR report data of a certain company. RESULTS ：MAH production line risk warning system was established preliminarily. The main framework included data source and and processing module ，model construction module （three-dimensional matrix model included possibility index ，severity index and sensitivity index ，risk trend model was set according to the principle of product production batch number preparation ），and result output & analysis module. Five major functional modules included system configuratio ，production line signal detection ，visual statistical early warning ，ADR report management and standard data management. The application and analysis of ADR report data of a certain company showed that the system could realize detection and warning of the company ’s production line risk ，which intuitively reflected its high-risk production lines ，varieties and batch numbers. It was consistent wit h the actual safety sit uation of the company ’s varieties. CONCLUSIONS：The system can help MAH make use of ADR report data to actively monitor drug production quality risks in a timely manner ，investigate risk factors for high-risk production lines ， high-risk varieties and high-risk batch numbers，and assist in decision-making on the direction of risk investigation.