Molecular imprinting technique (MIT) involves the synthesis of polymer in the presence of a template to produce complementary binding sites in terms of its size, shape, and functional group orientation. Such kind of polymer possesses specific recognition ability towards its template molecule. Despite the rapid development of MIT over the years, the majority of the template molecules that have been studied are small molecules, while molecular imprinting of proteins remains a significant yet challenging task due to their large size, structural flexibility and complex conformation. In this review, we summarize the research findings over the past five years, and discuss the characteristics of the technique, the most recent progress and the perspective in the field of molecular imprinting of proteins.
Epitopes ; chemistry ; Molecular Imprinting ; methods ; trends ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Proteins ; chemistry

Objective To explore the effect of early comprehensive rehabilitation therapy on dysphagia after stroke. Methods A total of 120 stroke patients with dysphagia were collected from December 2006 to May 2009 and divided into 3 trial groups and a control group randomly.No treatment was given to patients in the control group.Patients in trial group 1(T1)were given rehabilitation training,while patients in trial groups 2(T2)and 3(T3)were treated with VitalStim and electrical acupuncture,respectively,in addition to the rehabilitation training.A standardized swallowing assessment (SSA) and the swallowing quality of life(SWAL-QOL) scale were used to evalu-ate all the patients before and after 4 weeks of treatment. ResuIts No statistically significant difference was re-vealed before the treatment among the groups in terms of the patients'sex,age,course of disease,SSA or SWAL-QOL results.Statistically significant improvement was observed after treatment in the 3 trial group,but not in the control group with regard to the SSA and SWAL-QOL scores compared with those before treatment.The trial groups all had higher scores than the control group after treatment.while T2 and T3 had higher scores than T1 after treatment.There was no statistically significant difference between groups T2 and T3.Conclusions Early compre-hensive rehabilitation therapy can improve swallowing and the quality of life of stroke patients with dysphagia.Reha-bilitation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation provides effects similar to that of training combined with electrical accupuneture,and is more effective than simple training in treating dysphagia.

Objective To compare the health related quality of life (HRQoL) of ileal conduit versus orthotopic ileal neobladder using the FACT-BL scale.Methods One hundred and thirty patients underwent radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for invasive bladder cancer from Jan 2006 to Dec 2010 at our hospital.According to different urinary diversions,patients were divided into ileal conduit (IC) and orthotopic ileal neobladder (NB).HRQoL was assessed using FACT-BL.The following scores calculated from the FACT-BL questionnaire and list:physical well-being ( PWB ),social/family well-being ( SWB ),emotional well-being(EWB),functional well-being( FWB),overall bladder-special subscale and total FACT-BL were included.A high FACT score indicated a high level of HRQoL.The medical records of each patient were then reviewed.Clinical parameters including age,sex,type of diversion and pathological status were recorded and analyzed.Results A total of 94 questionnaires were collected,of these patients 50 had an IC and 44 had an NB.Among the respondents,the age at surgery was significantly younger in NB group than IC group (P =0.014 ).While the percent of males,follow-up years and pathological stage T3 or greater revealed no significant difference.The NB group got significantly higher scores in PWB,SWB,EWB and FACT-BL than the IC group.Which indicated that the HRQoL was higher in patients following orthotopic ileal neobladder.Conclusions The HRQoL was better in patients who followed orthotopic ileal neobladder than those who followed ileal conduit.This may indicate that orthotopic ileal neobladder should be considered first when making a decision about which urinary diversion should be used.

Adopting self-designed questionnaires, the paper investigates medical information demands of clinicians in third-level hospitals, secondary-level hospitals and basic medical and health institutions in Sichuan province.The results show a higher demand for medical information services in Sichuan province, various continuing education and training service should be taken to meet the informa-tion demands of clinicians in different levels.

Aimed at feasibility of microbiological control of Chironomidae larvae in sourcewater, Shenzhen, China, the functional characters of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Iaraelensis to Chironomus kiiensis tokunaga were studied for the first time. In this study, bioassays were carried out with third-instar larvae, results showed that the LC 50 s(24h) were 24.2 and 32.6 mg/L for Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Iaraelensis IPS82 and 187 respectively. Tests in fermentation of IPS82 show good correlations between toxicity, cell density, dissolved oxygen and spore-forming phase. The tests on environmental factors influencing toxicity to Chironomus kiiensis tokunaga showed that sunlight is the most important factor, shortening the half life of Bti from 21 days in dark to 10 days; temperature variations(15～30℃) caused no impact on toxicity, but 35℃ increases 16% of larvae mortality. The toxicity of IPS82 is relatively insensitive to change pH deviated from 7 to 11, due to drop of larvae mortality from 66.7 to 40%, at pH of 3, to 16%; its toxicity is stable in low larva density (

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of non-neuronal muscarinic receptors (NNMR) stimulation on atherosclerosis and endothelial cells activation.

METHODSAtherosclerosis model was established in ApoE-/- mice by a high fat diet for 7 weeks. During the experimental periods, animals were received a low (7 mg/kg/d) or a high (21 mg/kg/d) dose of arecoline by gavage. At the termination of the treatments, serum total cholesterol and NO levels were measured, and the aorta morphology was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The gene expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and adhesion molecules in the thoracic aortas was determined by RT-PCR, and the MCP-1 protein expression and NF-κB activity were detected by Western blot analysis. NO production, MCP-1 secretion in cultured rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs), and monocyte-endothelium adhesion assay were also performed after arecoline treatments.

RESULTSArecoline efficiently decreased atherosclerotic plaque areas, increased serum nitric oxide (NO) content, suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1, and modulated the IκB-α degradation and P65 phosphorylation in the aortae of ApoE-/- mice. Furthermore, arecoline promoted NO production and suppressed MCP-1 secretion in cultured RAECs after ox-LDL exposure, and either atropine or NG-nitro-L-arginine methylester could abrogate these effects. Arecoline also significantly inhibited the adherence of U937 monocytes to the ox-LDL injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which could be abolished by atropine.

CONCLUSIONOur results indicate that arecoline attenuates the progression of atherosclerosis and inhibits endothelial cells activation and adherence by stimulating endothelial NNMR. These effects, at least in part, are due to its modulation on NF-κB activity.

Animals ; Aorta ; cytology ; Apolipoproteins E ; Arecoline ; pharmacology ; Atherosclerosis ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; metabolism ; Chemokine CCL2 ; metabolism ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Disease Progression ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Endothelium, Vascular ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Humans ; I-kappa B Proteins ; metabolism ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Monocytes ; cytology ; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; Nitroarginine ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; physiology ; Transcription Factor RelA ; metabolism

Antiepileptic drugs and anti-infective drugs are prescribed at the same time in many cases.The clinically important interactions between them may lead to adverse reaction or failure of treatment.We summarize these clinically important interactions with case reports and mechanism of action.The combinations include macrolides and carbamazepine,carbapenems and valproic acid,ciprofloxacin and carbamazepine,phenytoin,triazole antifungal agents and carbamazepine,phenytoin,and phenobarbital,antituberculosis drugs and phenytoin,diazepam,carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine,anthelmintic drugs and phenytoin,carbamazepine and phenobarbital.While new antiepileptic drugs used in China like oxcarbazepine,lamotrigine,topiramate and levetiracetam have little clinically important interaction with anti-infective drugs.

Objective To explore the application value of monoexponential, biexponential models multiple b values diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) in distinguishing pancreatic cancer from non-tumorous pancreas.Methods Subjects comprised 37 pancreatic cancers confirmed by clinical or surgery.Pancreas multiple b values DWI was performed using 3.0T scanner.Standard apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCstandard) was calculated using monoexponential diffusion model.Pure diffusion coefficient (ADCslow), pseudodiffusion coefficient (ADCfast) and perfusion fraction (f) were calculated using intravoxel incoherent motion(IVIM) diffusion model.Parameters of pancreatic cancers and non-tumorous pancreas were compared using independent samples t test.Results Mean ADCslow value of pancreatic cancer was higher than that of non-tumorous pancreas (0.611×10-3 mm2/s vs 0.521×10-3 mm2/s,P=0.037).Mean ADCfast and f values of pancreatic cancer were lower than that of non-tumorous pancreas (5.066×10-3 mm2/s vs 7.188×10-3 mm2/s,P=0.035;55.8% vs 64.0%,P=0.016;respectively).ADCslow of pancreatic cancer was positively correlated to ADCstandard (r=0.824,P=0.000).ADCfast of pancreatic cancer was negatively correlated to f(r=-0.558,P=0.000).Conclusion ADCslow, ADCfast and f derived from IVIM-DWI model can distinguish pancreatic cancer from non-tumorous pancreas.IVIM-DWI may be a promising and non-invasive tool for early diagnosing and differentiating pancreatic carcinoma from non-tumorous pancreas.

Objective To investigate the natural infection of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in mice,and to survey the distribution of virus in tissues and the changes of serum antibody in the experimentally TMEV-infected mice.Methods Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay were used to detect the antibody and nucleic acid of TMEV in clinical samples.These samples included SPF mice collected from Guangdong area in 2010-2015,mice obtained from a non-barrier laboratory rodent colony,and wild Rattus norvegicus live-trapped around the non-barrier laboratory rodent colony.36 ICR mice were intracerebrally inoculated with TMEV BeAn strain.The clinical signs of the animals were observed daily post-inoculation.Three mice were euthanatized at day 0,3,7,10,17,21,31,39 and 46 post-inoculation (dpi),respectively.Tissue and serum samples were collected for TMEV detection.Results The TMEV antibody and nucleic acid positive rates of SPF mice collected from Guangdong area in 2010-2015 were 5.29％ (n=2834) and 27.27％ (n=457),respectively.The TMEV antibody and nucleic acid positive rates of the mice obtained from a non-barrier laboratory rodent colony were 71.95％ (n=82) and 53.66％ (n=82),respectively.The TMEV nucleic acid positive rate of wild Rattus norvegicus was 25.93％ (n=27).In the TMEV positive mice,only two mice showed obvious clinical symptoms.The cecal contents,feces and brain samples were the best candidates for qRT-PCR assay.The viral nucleic acid could be detected in the brain,heart,liver,lung and stomach of ICR mice at 3 dpi,but no viral nucleic acid was detected in the spleen,kidney,and cecum.The viruses in liver,heart,lungs and stomach were completely cleared at 10 dpi,and the viruses persisted in the brain throughout the experiment.The TMEV antibody could be detected at 7 dpi,and then the antibody positive rate reached 100％ at 17 dpi.The antibody level increased gradually and maintained up to 46 days.ICR mice showed latent infection after TMEV inoculation,with no obvious symptoms and eye pathological changes.Conclusions The experimental mice and wild Rattus norvegicus in Guangdong area are both infected with TMEV,and the infection rate is high.The mice inoculated with TMEV BeAn strain show latent infection.The TMEV antibody produced in mice can be detected at 7 dpi and persisted until the end of the experiment.The viruses are found in the liver,heart,lung and stomach for a short time,but are persisted in the brain for a long time.There is a good consistency of TMEV detection between qRT-PCR and ELISA.The qRT-PCR assay can be used as a powerful complement method for the national standard of laboratory animals.

Objective To evaluate the detection value of serum (1,3)-β-D glucan (G-test) and galactomannan (GM-test) combined with sputum fungal culture in the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infection(IFI) in intensive care unit(ICU) patients.Methods Inpatients with high risk factors for IFI in the ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between January 2015 and December 2016 were chosen,they were divided into 3 groups according to the diagnostic criteria of IFI:IFI group(including confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases),suspected IFI group,and non-IFI group.The results of serum G-test,GM-test,and sputum fungal culture in three groups of patients were analyzed,early diagnostic value in IFI with combined three tests was evaluated.Results A total of 264 ICU patients were investigated,IFI group,suspected IFI group,and non-IFI group were 56,43,and 165 cases respectively.Among 56 cases of confirmed IFI,46,39,and 34 were positive for G-test,GM-test,and fungal culture respectively.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value of combined three detection were 98.2％,82.4％,65.5％,and 99.3％ respectively,positive likelihood ratio,negative likelihood ratio,and Youden index were 5.58,0.02,and 0.98 respectively.The sensitivity and negative predictive values of combined three detection were both higher than those of single G-test,GM-test,and sputum fungal culture (all P＜0.05);but specificity and positive predictive value of combined three detection were not significantly different from single G-test,GM-test,and sputum fungal culture(all P＞0.05).Conclusion The combination of G-test,GM-tests,and sputum fungal culture can improve the sensitivity of early diagnosis of IFI in ICU patients,and guide the clinicians in the early treatment of IFI.