Objective To improve the poor water-solubility of nimodipine,nimodipine-loaded PLEG copoly- met nanopartieles were prepared to avoid the sedimentation of its crystal from water,which could also shun the blood vessel stimulation caused by ethanol,a cosolvent,in the injection.Methods Solvent evaporation method was used to prepare water-dispersing nimodipine-loaded nanoparticles,whose lyophilized powder was further prepared,with PLEG2000 as drug carrier.Particle size,Zeta potential,embedding ratio,drug loading,shape and redispersion ability of the lyophilized powder were determined.Results Concerning the lyophilized nanoparticle powders,the particle sizes were 136nm,the Zeta potentials were -29.90mV,the embedding ratio was 67.9% and the drug loading was 6.17%.Conclusion Prepared nimodipine-loaded nanoparticles solved the problem of poor water-solubility of ni- modipine basically.It also avoided the recrystallization process of the drug and reduced the blood vessel stimulation caused by ethanol in the injection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic ; therapeutic use ; Astragalus Plant ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Nucleic Acids ; therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy ; Pneumonia ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Recurrence ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Tyrosine ; therapeutic use

Objective To evaluate the perfectibility of colposcopy directed biopsy for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial(CIN)through cervial conization by loop electrosurgical excision procedure(LEEP).Methods Biopsy by colposcopy and biopsy after LEEP were analyzed retrospectively in 108 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to study the related factors of affecting the coincidence rate.Results Comparison of pathological hanges following both LEEP and colposcopy showed that 69 cases were the same,24 upgrade,and 15 downgrade.Conclusion LEEP is a kind of effective and perfect method for the specific diagnosis and treatment of CIN.Colposcopically directed biopsy has its limitations.

?AlM:To evaluate and observe the efficacy of silicon oil ( SO ) , perfluoropropane ( C3 F8 ) and balanced salt solution ( BSS ) that can be used as tamponade during vitrectomy to treat proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( PDR) complicated with vitreous hemorrhage ( VH) .
?METHODS: Studied retrospectively on 74 eyes of 60 patients who underwent vitrectomy surgery with diabetic vitreous hemorrhage in our hospital during June 2008 and June 2014. Based on repeated prior examines on fundus details and the vitrectomy tamponades were chosen. All the patients had been followed up at least 3mo. Depending on different tamponades, the paitents were nonrandomized in three groups and contrasted as visual acuity, intraocular pressure ( lOP ) and complications respectively.
?RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference among these three groups in preoperative eyesight ( P<0. 05 ). Moreover, the preoperative eyesight was statistically different between SO and BSS (P<0. 05), and difference for the rest being not remarkable(P>0. 05). The difference being statistically difference in the postoperative vision among these three groups ( P <0. 05). The further analysis showed that the paired-comparisons were statistically significant difference between SO and BSS ( P<0. 05 ), while the rest two groups of comparison were non-respectively(P>0. 05). The preoperative visual function was in contrast to the postoperative (P<0. 05). The lOP before surgery was not statistically significant difference(P>0. 05). However,the difference among three groups being statistically in the postoperative vision(P<0. 05), in addition,the difference existed in each group through pairwise comparison ( P<0. 05) . The occurence rate of complications after surgery in this survey was 47%, the SO group was 50%, the C3 F8 was 56%, the BSS group was 44%.
? CONCLUSlON: Vitrectomy is a safe and effective treatment that can help patients who have diabetic vitreous hemorrhage obtain better visual improvement. Because of the physicochemical properties and different conditions, there still has complications after surgery.

Secondary glaucoma is a kind of complications after vitrectomy, its etiologies are various and complex. Ineffective therapies might cause irreversible damage on optic nerves and visual field defect, even the loss in visual function. Nowadays, this project has been paid great attention by various researches both in China and abroad. Both the pathogens and therapies of secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy are analyzed as follows.

Background Conventional chemical method to fix the entire eyeball results in the edema of retinal nerve fiber layer and therefore influent the evaluation of tissue structure.Research showed that microwave irradiation can avoid this phenomenon. Objective This study was to investigate the appropriate energy and time duration of microwave irradiation for fixation of rabbit eyes specimen and compare the influence of different fixation methods on retinal structure. Methods Twenty-two New Zealand white rabbits were sacrificed by using venous air embolism.The eyeballs were enucleated from the rabbits and immersed in chemical reagents with glacial acetic acid,methyl aldehyde and chloroform for 2 days as the control group.The eyeballs were immersed in 400 ml physiological balance solution immediately,and then were fixed by microwave irradiation for 80,160,240 and 320 seconds under the lower power as the microwave irradiation groups.In the microwave irradiation+chemical fixation group,the specimens were immersed in chemical reagents for 1-2 hours after the microwave radiation.The morphology of retinal structure was examined and area of retinal detachment was calculated by hemotoxylin and eosin staining under the light microscope. Results A better fixation effect was obtained in the retinal section of microwave radiation for 240 seconds in comparison with that of the traditional chemical reagent fixation method for 2 days.The retina detachment ratio was 16.3%±11.5% for simple microwave method,50.0%±24.5% for chemical method,and 6.7%±7.8% for microwave+chemical method.showing a significant difference among 3 groups(F=32.43,P=0.000).Retinal staining was clear and retinal structure was almost normal in the specimens of microwave+chemical fixation group with 200-240 seeonds microwave irradiation and 1-2 hours chemical fixation. Conclusion Microwave irradiation method is a more ideal way for the fixation of retina because of taking short duration,lower toxicity and better staining.The combination of microwave radiation and chemical reagents can acquire an excellent quality of retinal section.

Abstract?AIM: To obtain the prevalence and risk factors of symptomatic dry eye disease ( SDED ) among college students in China.?METHODS:Population-based cross-sectional study. Students in Medical School of Lanzhou University were approached. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence of SDED and its risk factors. The diagnosis of SDED was based on reported symptoms and was established if the participants reported “often” or “all the time” once or more for 6-item questionnaire. Positive tests included a tear-film breakup time ( TBUT)≤10s and a fluorescein staining score ( FSS ) ≥1. Demographic information and possible factors that may contribute to SDED were analyzed in a step-wise multivariate logistic regression modelto assess risk factors of SDED.? RESULTS: There were 1139 participants ( 84. 37%response rate ) have completed the questionnaire, 475 males and 664 females aged 16-26y. The prevalence of SDED was 18. 70% [95% confidence interval ( CI)= 16. 59-20. 81]. A TBUT of ≤10s and a FSS≥1 were noted in 47. 67%(95% CI=44. 95-50. 57) and 13. 97%(95% CI=11. 95-15. 99) for all participants, respectively. The multivariate regression analysis revealed the following risk factors:daily reading time of≥4h(OR=1. 58,95% CI=1. 15-2. 18), daily computer use of≥4h ( OR= 1. 52, 95% CI= 1. 02-2. 25), and constant eyeglasses wearing (OR=1. 54,95%CI=1. 08-2. 13). The female gender, refractive surgery and contact lens ( CLs) wearing were not risk factors for SDED in this analysis.? CONCLUSION: The prevalence for SDED is high in Chinese college students. The risk factors include daily reading time of≥4h, daily computer use of≥4h and constant eyeglasses wearing.

0.05).At post- operative 30 days and 90 days,ECD were(6.39?0.90)%,(6.54?1.24)% respectively in the torsional group and(13.17?1.78)%, (13.67?2.36)% respectively in the US group,the differences between two groups were statistically(P0.05).Conclusion The torsional mode may provide more effective lens re- moval with a lower level of phacoemulsification time and energy.It can reduce the ultrasound energy and the intraocular trauma.(Oph- thalmol CHN,2008,17:82-85)

Objective To determine the incidence and risk factors of iatrogenic retinal breaks in eyes undergoing pars plana vit- rectomy for idiopathic macular pucker.Design Retrospective case series.Participant 88 consecutive vitrectomies performed on eyes with idiopathic macular pucker.Method Consecutive vitrectomies performed on eyes with idiopathic macular pucker at Beijing Tongren Eye Center between 2002 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed.Cases with iatrogenic retinal breaks were recorded and analyzed. Main Outcome Measure Number and location of retinal breaks,and anatomic outcome after surgical managements.Result A total of 88 consecutive vitrectomies were included in the study.Of the 88 eyes,8 eyes had 14 iatrogenic retinal breaks detected,with an aver- age incidence of 9.1%.Peripheral retinal breaks(8.0%)were more common than posterior retinal breaks(1.1%).All peripheral retinal breaks occurred around the selerotomy sites(100%)and the quadrant of predominant hand was involved most commonly(62%).Most of the breaks(88%)were detected during the surgery.All eyes with iatrogenic retinal breaks obtained anatomic retinal reattachment (100%).Conclusion Despite improvements in instrumentation and surgical techniques,iatrogenic retinal break continues to be an im- portant complication of pars plana vitrectomy in eyes with idiopathic macular pucker.This complication tends to occur more commonly at peripheral retina and is mainly selerotomy-related.

Objective To explore the nursing problems and application value of intrauterine instruments positioning in assistance of tubal interventional treatment. Methods Uterine probe or expanding-uterus stick was used in 66 cases who had abortde with routine methods for rectifying the position of uterus or adhesion re-lease, then the selected catheter was inserted to the targeted fallopian tube for interventional aim. Nurses paid at-tention to the nursing cooperation and summarized the nursing points during the whole processes. Results With this technique, the achievement ratio of selected insertion to fallopian tube was 100% and that of recanaliza-tion was 92.68%. The major adverse effects were hypogastralgia and little vaginal bleeding. Pneumogastric nervereactions were found in 3.03% cases. Conchusions The assistant-immanent could elevate the achievement ra-tio of selected insertion to the targeted fallopian tubes, but the nursing problems shouldn't be neglected.