AlM: To investigate the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy ( DR) in type 2 diabetes patients.METHODS:A total of 380 cases of type 2 diabetes were selected from January 2014 to June 2014, divided into DR group (126 cases) and non-diabetic retinopathy ( NDR) as control group (254 cases), all patients were underwent medical history, physical examinations, laboratory and assistance examinations. The prevalence and single factor and multiple factors of DR were analysed by the logistic regression model.RESULTS: The univariate logistic regression analysis showed that DR was associated with diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low - density lipoprotein, urine protein, intraocular pressure, carotid intima - media thickness, peripheral neuropathy disease was the related risk factors for DR. ln multiple logistic regression analysis, only duration was the related risk factors for DR.CONCLUSlON:The occurrence of DR is the outcome of combined action of multiple factors, duration is an independent risk factor for occurrence of DR.

Following ideas are proposed for the development of library-holding resources with the need of users as its target according to the background and characteristics of big data, namely with the users-driving development of library-holding resources as its principle, with the users-satisfying resources acquisition method as its direction, and with the users-needing development of library-holding resources as its integration platform.

Objective The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of cholera toxin(CTx) on promoting the regeneration of retinal ganglion cells(RGCs) in hamster retina. Methods After optic nerve (ON) transection, an autologus sciatic nerve (attached graft, AG) was removed and sutured to the proximal stump of the ON. CT X was injected or (and) a small segment of sciatic nerve (SN) inserted intravitrously. Animals were separated into 5 groups:regenerating control group(AG groups and solution groups); AG+CT X groups; AG+SN groups; AG+CT X+SN groups; Effect and Dosage groups; Animals in the former 4 groups were allowed to survive for 2-6 weeks respectively. The regenerated RGCs were labeled retrogradely by granular blue, and the changes in number of regenerating RGCs in each retina were observed under fluorescent microscope. Results The mean numbers of regenerating RGCs in AG+CT X groups were increased and significantly higher than those in AG groups and solution groups at each time point( P

【Objective】 To examine the regeneration of NPY-immuno reactivity (IR) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the effects of cholera toxin ( CTx) injected or/and peripheral nerve implanted on regeneration of NPY-IR RGCs. 【Methods】 16 adult golden hamsters were ramdomly divided into 4 groups. Optic nerve (ON) was transacted and a segment of autologous sciatic nerve (attached g raft, AG) was removed and sutured to the proximal stump of ON in regenerating co ntrol group (AG group). The animals in experimental groups were further treated with CTx injection or/and implantation of a short of segment sciatic nerve (SN) intravitrously. By using the retrograde labeling with fluorogold (FG) combined w ith fluorescent immunocytochemistry, the regenerated NPY-IR RGCs were observed and counted under fluorescent microscope. 【Results】 At 4 weeks after surgery, the mean number of regenerated NPY-IR RGCs per retina in AG group was 58±22 wh ich constitutes (3.36±0.65)% of the total regenerated RGCs. In AG+CTx, AG+SN and AG+CTx+SN experimental groups, the mean numbers of regenerated NPY-IR RGCs per retina were 143±47, 125±37 and 437±77 ordinally which constitute (5.15± 0.89)%, (5.34±0.37)% and (8.11±0.85)% of the total regenerated RGCs respec tively, which were increased significantly compared with those in AG group. 【Co nclusion】 The results show that the axotomized NPY-IR RGCs have th e capability of regenerating their axons into the attached PN graft, CTx and/or SN could enhance the regeneration of the NPY-IR RGCs.

Detection of high-risk human papillomavirus ( HPV) gene is essential in cervical cancer screening.This paper presents some HPV detection methods according to different molecular techniques , mainly introducing the commonly used hybird capture Ⅱ, HybriMax and method based on fluorescent quantitative PCR , elaborates their advantages and shortcomings , and discusses the clinical applications in the future.

AIM: To explore the main risk factors related to the incidence of endophthalmitis in patients after cataract surgery in China and to provide evidence for prevention.METHODS: The results of 5 studies on the main risk factors of endophthalmitis in patients after cataract surgery were analyzed by Meta-analysis method.
RESULTS: The pooled odds ratio values and 95% CI of age(≥70), diabetes, vitreous overflow, operative time ( ≥ 10min ), common operating room and control of using time of topical anesthetic were 1. 81(95% CI: 1. 43-1. 69),3. 66 (95% CI: 1. 64 - 8. 16),2. 21 (95% CI: 1. 46 -3. 32),3. 54 (95% CI: 2. 47 - 5. 06),2. 77 (95% CI: 2. 07 -3. 72),2. 09(95% CI: 1. 53-2. 86).
CONCLUSION: The main risk factors of endophthalmitis were the age(≥70), diabetes, vitreous overflow, operative time(≥10min), common operating room and control of using time of topical anesthetic.

Objective　To introduce the development of therapy of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods　This summarization paper was made on the literatures review. Results　Extended radical resection, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, orthotopic liver transplantation, photodynamic therapy and molecular chemoradiotherapy might improve the survival rate. Conclusions　Surgical resection combined with other theraputic methods is the main treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Objective： To investigate the modification of GABAA receptor subunits in audiogenic seizure rat cortex and hippocampus when rendered tolerant to flurazepam. Methods： Rats were administrated with flurazepam for two weeks, which resulted in tolerance to flurazepam, in the absence of behavioral signs of withdrawal. GABAA receptor subunits α1, α3, α5, γ2L and γ2S were assayed using quantitative competitive RT-PCR in rat frontparietal motor(FrPaM) and hippocampus. Results： In FrPaM, the contents of mRNA encoding for α1, α3,　γ2L and γ2S were all significantly decreased (24%,17%,35% and 45% respectively),whereas that of α5 was significantly increased (33%) compared with the control. In hippocampus, α1, γ2L, and γ2S mRNA contents were significantly decreased (33%, 35%and 27% respectively). Conclusion： The accomodated change in GABAA receptor subunits α1, α3, α5,γ2L and γ2S in FrPaM and hippocampus may be associated with the mechanism of flurazepam tolerance in audiogenic seizure rats.

BACKGROUND:Critical limb ischemia is difficult to be treated among the peripheral arterial occlusive diseases, and the application of transplanting autologous stem cells can bring a hope for the treatment of this disease.
OBJECTIVE: To review the autologous stem cells transplantation in the treatment of critical limb ischemia at present, and to study the mechanism and the existing problems.
METHODS:A computer retrieval of PubMed database, Wanfang database, and CNKI database was conducted to search the related articles with the keywords of“stem cell, transplant, critical limb ischemia”in English and Chinese. Final y, 47 articles were included in final analysis according to the inclusion criteria.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Autologous stem cells transplantation for treatment of lower extremity ischemic disease is a latest and significantly effective treatment, but the mechanism is unclear and stil needs further study.

Specialists in the south of the five ridges think that bubonic plague is caused by blood stasis due to noxious heat;they exactly use Wang Qingren' Decoction of Detoxification and Promoting Blood Flow modified for detoxification,clearing heat and removing blood stasis.Peach Seed and Safflower are principal drugs of this decoction;using Rhinoceros Horn,Antelope Horn and Tibet Safflower to clear noxious heat for protecting the heart.The key to make curative effect is that this decoction needs to be obeyed urgently frequently and modified according sighs.They have found the substitutes of precious Rhinoceros Horn,Antelope Horn and Tibet Safflower.