Objective To investigate prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among the married women aged 25-54 years in Beijing.Methods With method of cross sectional survey,6339 married women at age of 25 to 54 years were selected randomly in 137 communities of 12 districts or counties in Beijing from March 2007 to September 2008.The cervical smear cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of cervical secretion were detected.Women with abnormal cervical cytology were underwent colposcopy and cervical biopsy.Results Among 6339 women,9.58% (607/6339) cases had abnormal cytological results,the colposcopy and cervical biopsy showed the rate of CIN was 5.84% (370/6339) in total selected women and 60.96% (370/607) in women with abnormal cervical cytology,including 4.65% (295/6339) in CIN Ⅰ,0.80% (51/6339) in CIN Ⅱ,0.38% (24/6339) in CIN Ⅲ; 0.06% (4/6339)in early invasive carcinoma (SCC).Based on geographical distribution,the rate of cervical lesions was 4.46% (42/942) in urban areas,6.27% (188/3000) in suburbs and 6.01% (144/ 2397) in outer suburbs (P > 0.05).Conclusion It was found that the incidence of CIN was 5.84% in married women aged 25-54 years in Beijing,which did not show significant prevalence in urban,suburb and outer suburbs region.

Objective To investigate high risk factors associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in married women aged 25 to 54 years in Beijing. Methods From Mar. 2007 to Sep.2008, 6339 married women at age of 25 to 54 years were selected randomly by cross sectional survey in a total of 137 communities of 12 districts or counties in Beijing. The interview was carried out with unified questionnaires, gynecological examination. The cervical smear cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection of cervical secretion were detected. Women with abnormal cervical cytology underwent colposcopy and cervical biopsy. Odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of related high risk factors with CIN were studied by logistic regression analysis. Results Among 6339 women, the prevalence rate of CIN including 4 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 5. 90% (374/6339). By multinomial regression analysis, HR-HPV infection (95% CI: 9. 953 - 15.811 ), History of trichomonas vaginitis (95 % CI: 1. 046 -2. 104), oral contraceptives (95% CI: 1. 087 - 1. 806), age less than 45 years old ( 95% CI: 1. 069 -1. 828) were related with CIN. Conclusion Infection rate of HR-HPV is an independent risk factor of CIN, however, the history of trichomonas vaginitis, oral contraceptives and age less than 45 years old are related risk factors of CIN.

Objective To establish three methods of DNA extraction from Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and test by PCR. Methods After three freeze-thaw cycles, three kinds of templates were extracted from the oocysts by Chelex-100, phenol/chloroform or genomic DNA purification system kit, and used for PCR detection. According to the sequence of a C.parvum gene (L16996), a pair of primers was designed and synthesized, and used for PCR. The sensitivity of the template by Chelex-100 method was also tested by PCR. Results One 446 bp PCR product was observed by agarose gel electrophoresis for all three kinds of templates. The PCR sensitivity by Chelex-100 extracted DNA reached for detection of a specimen containing only 1/2 oocyst. Conclusion The three kinds of extraction can all be served as templates for PCR detection of C.parvum oocysts, while Chelex-100 method is simpler, quicker and more reliable for DNA extraction of the parasite.

BACKGROUND:Bilateral-sagitta-split-ramus-osteotomy (BSSRO) has become a conventional method to correct facial deformities, and the finite element method is a significant way to study biomechanics of the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after BSSRO. OBJECTIVE: To establish a precise and high simulation model of mandible containing TMJ after BSSRO with internal fixation, which is the base to study the biomechanics of the mandible and TMJ after BSSRO. METHODS: Spiral CT scan was used to get the data of DICOM that were input into MIMICS to establish the three-dimensional model of the mandible. The three-dimensional model was wrapped into a single closed shel for mesh generation and conversion in ANSYS. Then, the model was input into the ANSYS software for temporomandibular joint reconstruction and simulation of BSSRO and internal fixation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional finite element model of mandible containing TMJ after BSSRO was established using MIMICS and ANSYS. This model had biological similarity and geometric similarity in comparison with the human tissues. The model could undergo various internal fixations through antedisplacement, retroposition and rotational movement of the distal end. Based on different experimental purposes, the established model can apply a load to al parts to study changes in stress and displacement of different tissues after BSSRO and internal fixation, and it also can be used to study the effect of different fixation materials on the rear stability after internal fixation.

Objective To evaluate the trueness of 13 routine measurements for serum uric acid and the role of reference method in improving harmonization and trueness among routine measurement systems. Methods The research is related to the reagent evaluation.Usingisotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ( ID-LC/MS/MS) method as the comparison method, Wako, Sekisui, DiaSys, Maker,Dirui,Leadman,BSBE,Biosina,Mindray,MedicalSystem,LongMarch,and Kehua 13 kinds of uric acid kits were chosen as the evaluation methods with Hitachi 7170A as the analyzer.serum uric acid in 40 fresh frozen serawere collected from clinical laboratory of Beijing hospital in 2014,coveringboth physiological and pathological status ( 80 -940 μmol/L ) .19 kinds of prepared materials and the 40 fronzen sera were measuredby comparison method and evaluation methods and linear regression analysis was made for the results.The performance of evaluation methods was revealed and recalibration was performed on every evaluation methodby the linear regression equation.The variation of percent bias(%) of the uric acid values in 19 preparation materials was compared.Results All test methods demonstrated good precision ( CV<1.75) and good correlation (R2 >0.998, P<0.01) with the comparison method when measuring uric acid values in 40 fresh frozen sera The meanpercent bias was 0.17% ( -3.06% -7.31%).After recalibration, 4 of 19 samples with no matrix effect values percent bias reduced and met the demands of quality ( <4.8%) induced from biological variation.Conclusion All test methods demonstrated good trueness and their calibration traceability was verified.Recalibration using reference method or standard reference materials contributes to harmonization among methods.

Objective To isolate and identify Cryptosporidium oocysts from feces of naturally infected cow. Methods Fecal samples were collected from Cryptosporidium infected cows confirmed by modified acid-fast staining method. Oocysts were isolated and purified with Sheather sucrose density gradient centrifugation technique. Genomic DNA was isolated with Chelex-100. Both primers were designed to amplify Cryptosporidium small subunit ribosome RNA gene (SSU rRNA) and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene (COWP), respectively. The PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T and pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced subsequently. Homology and phylogeny were analyzed with BLASTn and MEGA software. Results The results suggested that the size of oocysts was (7.4?0.32)?m by(5.4?0.21)?m and the ratio of length and width was 1.37?0.07 (n=20). BLASTn revealed that the identity of SSU rRNA and COWP gene of Cryptosporidium isolated from cow to the counterparts of C.andersoni was 100% and 99% respectively. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed the isolated Cryptosporidium within the C.andersoni clade based on the sequence of SSU rRNA and COWP gene. Conclusion What isolated from naturally infected cow feces has been identified as C. andersoni.

Objective To investigate the risk of emergency cesarean section during labor with the pre-pregnancy body mass index or gestational weight gain.Methods A total of 6 908 healthy nullipara with singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation who was in term labor in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from August 1st,2014 to September 30th,2015 were recruited.They were divided into two groups,the vaginal delivery group (92.88％,6 416/6 908) and the emergency cesarean section group (7.12％,492/6 908).According to WHO body mass index (BMI) classification criteria and the pre-pregnancy BMI,the 6 908 women were divided into three groups,the underweight group(BMI＜18.5 kg/m2;17.39％,1 201/6 908),the normal weight group(18.5-24.9 kg/m2;73.00％,5 043/6 908),the overweight and obese group (≥ 25.0 kg/m2;9.61％,664/6 908).According to the guidelines of Institute of Medicine (IOM),they were divided into three groups,the inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) group (16.72％,1 155/6 908),the appropriate GWG group (43.11％,2 978/6 908),the excessive GWG group (40.17％,2 775/6 908).Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) of the risk of emergency cesarean section were calculated by bivariate logistic regression.Results (1) Comparing to the vaginal delivery group,women in the emergency cesarean section group were older,with a lower education level.Their prepregnancy BMI was higer and had more gestational weight gain.They had higher morbidity of pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus.Comparing to the vaginal delivery group,the neonates in the emergency cesarean section group were elder in gestational week,with higher birth weight.More male infants and large for gestation age infants were seen in the emergency cesarean section group (all P ＜ 0.05).(2) Overweight and obesity were associated with the increased risk of emergency cesarean section for nullipara,with the unadjusted OR of 1.98 (95％CI:1.54-2.54),adjusted OR(aOR) of 1.66 (95％CI:1.27-2.16).In the inadequate GWG group and the excessive GWG group,overweight and obese women had increased risk of emergency cesarean section,with adjusted OR of 2.33 (95％CI:1.06-5.14) and 1.62 (95％CI:1.44-2.28),respectively.In the appropriate GWG group,there was no significant difference in the risk of emergency cesarean section between the overweight and obese women and the normal weight women,with aOR of 1.54 (95％CI:0.94-2.54).The underweight group was associated with decreased risk of emergency cesarean section (OR=0.55,95％CI:0.40-0.74;aOR=0.66,95％ CI:0.48-0.90).While no significant difference in the risk of emergency cesarean section was found between the underweight women,the overweight and obese women,with the aOR of 0.31 (95％CI:0.07-1.32),0.73 (95％CI:0.48-1.10),0.66 (95％CI:0.38-1.12),respectively.(3) Absolute value of gestational weight gain was associated with the increased risk of emergency cesarean section,(aOR=1.03,95％CI:1.01-1.05).GWG above IOM giudelines did not independently affect the risk of emergency cesarean section (OR=1.30,95％CI:1.07-1.58;aOR=1.01,95％CI:0.82-1.24).In the underweight group,the normal weight group and the overweight or obese group,the excessive GWG women and the appropriate GWG women had no significant difference in the risk of emergency cesarean section (aOR=1.03,95％CI:0.55-1.12;aOR=1.02,95％CI:0.80-1.30;aOR=1.03,95％ CI:0.59-1.78),respectively.GWG below IOM giudelines was associated with decreased risk of emergency cesarean section (OR=0.62,95％ CI:0.45-0.85;aOR=0.64,95％ CI:0.46-0.88).In the underweight group and the overweight or obese group,there was no significant difference in the emergency cesarean section risk between the inadequate GWG women and the appropriate GWG within women (aOR=0.24,95％CI:0.06-1.01;aOR=0.90,95％CI:0.40-2.04).In the normal weight group,the inadequate GWG women had lower risk of emergency cesarean section (aOR=0.65,95％ CI:0.45-0.95).Conclusions Overweight and obese women have increased risk of emergency cesarean section.The prepregnancy BMI is supposed to be an appropriate level.Absolute value of gestational weight gain is associated with increased risk of emergency cesarean section.There is no correlation between the excessive GWG and the risk of emergency cesarean section.

Objective To investigate the clinical application valve of prenatal ultrasound in diagnosis of fetal isolated levocardia ( IL ) . Methods Thirty-eight IL fetuses diagnosed in three prenatal diagnosis centers from 2000 to 2016 were reviewed with their prenatal ultrasound features and cardiac and extracardiac malformations . Results Thirty-eight IL cases included 19 cases of left isomerism ( LI) ,14 cases of right isomerism( RI) and 5 non-classified cases . The overall incidence of malformations in IL patients was 97 .4％with 94 .7％ in LI patients and 100％ in RI patients . The incidence of cardiac malformations was 92 .1％with 84 .2％ in LI patients and 100％ in RI patients . The most common congenital heart diseases were:right ventricle outlet obstruction , univentricular physiology and atrioventricular septal defect . Anomalous pulmonary venous connection was more commonly seen in LI patients than in RI patients . The most common extracardiac malformation was duodenal obstruction( 86 .9％ ) . Inferior vena cava interruption and polysplenia were more commonly seen in LI patients .Juxtaposition of aorta and inferior vena cava and asplenia were more commonly seen in RI patients . Conclusions IL is very rarely seen in population with high incidence of congenital heart diseases and extracardiac malformations .

Objective To analyze the pregnancy outcomes of fetal tetralogy of Fallot and to explore its prenatal diagnosis and treatment procedures. Methods The clinical data of 63 cases of fetal tetralogy of Fallot (62 cases were singleton and 1 case was one of twin) were collected retrospectively from November, 2013 to November, 2017 in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. Results (1) Totally, 63 cases out of 46 352 pregnancies were diagnosed fetal tetralogy of Fallot by fetal ultrasonic cardiogram with about 0.136%(63/46 352) occurrence rate, and the mean gestational age was (23±3) weeks. And 50 cases (79%, 50/63) terminated pregnancy by induced labour. (2) Totally, 57 cases (90%,57/63) accepted genetic diagnosis.Eight cases (13%, 8/63) existed chromosome abnormality including 21-trimosy in 6 cases, 18-trisomy in 1 case and 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome in 1 case; and these 8 cases were determined before 28 gestational weeks. (3) And 13 cases (21%, 13/63) of no fetal genetic abnormality selected to continue pregnancy. Twelve cases underwent full term delivery (5 cases were cesarean section delivery and 7 cases were vaginal delivery). Twelve newborns underwent surgical radical operation on heart malformation and got recovery. One case underwent preterm cesarean section at 35 gestational weeks for one of twin, and the newborn with tetralogy of Fallot was dead. The other the newborns survived and were followed up for tetralogy of Fallot surgery from 1 month to 3 years old after birth and recovered.Conclusions Fetal tetralogy of Fallot mainly is diagnosed by ultrasonic cardiogram in the second trimester. The gestational age of diagnosis may be as early as 15 gestational weeks. Fetal tetralogy of Fallot with no genetic abnormality could underwent radical heart malformation operation after birth. It is necessary to undergo genetic testing on fetal tetralogy of Fallot and prenatal multidisciplinary counseling as well.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of prenatal ultrasound in the diagnosis of inferior vena cava malformation.Methods The ultrasonographic features of 95 cases of fetal inferior vena cava malformation were retrospectively analyzed,and compared with autopsy or postpartum follow-up.Results Among the 95 cases of fetal inferior vena cava malformation,39 cases were confirmed by autopsy,56 cases were diagnosed by neonatal ultrasonography,5 cases were confirmed by angiography or operation.Among them,37 cases were interrupted inferior vena cava,37 cases were double inferior vena cava,21 cases were left inferior vena cava.Forty of the 95 cases were terminate pregnancy(due to intracardiac or extracardiac malformations)or neonatal deaths(42.1%),and 55 cases had good prognoses(57.9%).Conclusions Prenatal ultrasound has important clinical value in diagnosing of inferior vena cava malformation,clearing whether it is associated with other malformations and assessing fetal prognosis.