OBJECTIVE To discuss how to strengthen detail management to control hospital infection in operating room. METHODS The consciousness of controlling hospital infection,detail management as the key,integration of daily supervision examination with periodic inspection test and assessment,perfecting the detail management mechanism of hospital infection,and executing operation rules strictly were carried out. RESULTS The knowledge of hospital infection in staff members was improved,working efficiency raised,nursing level increased obviously,and the sterile operation infection rate dropped down. CONCLUSIONS Strengthening detail management is good for hospital infection control in operating room.

Objective To identify a rapid and efficient fungal genomic DNA extraction method for PCR amplification.Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from Penicillum marneffei,Rhizopus microsporus,Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans by heating pyrolysis,microwave,repeated freezing and thawing,lysozyme digestion,overnight snail enzymatic and Qiagen kit methods.DNA electrophoretogram was observed by gel imaging system.The concentration and purity of extracted DNA were determined with an ultramicro nucleic acid protein tester and the yields were calculated.PCR amplification and sequencing were also performed.ANOVA and SNK-q test were used for data analysis.Results There were statistical differences in concentrations and yields of the fungal DNA extracted from Penicillum marneffei (hyphal phase and yeast phase),Rhizopus microsporus,Coptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans by six methods (F=750.83,220.95,669.35,132.01,510.20 and 1658.35,287.10,963.64,1147.77,4521.22,all P ＜0.01).Of six methods,microwave method gained the highest DNA concentration and yield,followed by heating pyrolysis method,while Qiagen kit method obtained the lowest concentration and yield.All DNA extracted by 6 kinds of methods were positive in PCR amplification.Conclusion All of the six methods can be used for fungal DNA extraction which is sufficient for PCR amplification,but microwave and heating pyrolysis methods are more easy and simple to perform.

Influenza virus is a virus causing upper respiratory tract infection disease with high morbidity and mortality. China is considered as an area with high rate of influenza morbidity. Prevention and treatment of influenza currently rely on vaccines and antiviral agents in the world. In addition, traditional Chinese medicines also have been used in clinical for influenza therapy. In vitro anti-influenza virus activities of 10 traditional Chinese medicines were studied by cytopathic effect (CPE). Qingre Jiedu oral liquid (factory H) had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Guangdong Luohu/219/2006 (H1N1); Yinhuang oral liquid had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Hanfang/359/95 and A/Yuefang/243/72 (H3N2). Qingkailing oral liquid (factory G) had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Jifang/15/90 (H3N2). Qingre Jiedu oral liquid (factory H) had strong antiviral activity against influenza virus A/Jifang/15/90, A/Yuefang/243/72 (H3N2) and virus B.

Ribavirin is a broad-spectrum inhibitor against several unrelated DNA or RNA viruses in vitro and in vivo. In this paper the in vitro and in vivo study of anti-influenza virus activity of ribavirin (RBV) injection had been reported. The in vitro antiviral activity of ribavirin injection against influenza virus A and B was studied by CPE. The in vivo protective action of ribavirin injection against influenza A/FM/1/47(H1N1) mouse adapted strain infected mouse was studied with mouse model. The results showed ribavirin injection has strong inhibitory activity against 7 virus strains tested in vitro. Ribavirin injection could significantly increase virus infected mouse survival rate and survival days and improve lung pathogen and lung index.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP),Epstein-Barr virus (EB virus) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in children with acute upper respiratory tract infections in Hangzhou.Methods Throat swabs and sputum samples were collected from 5942 children with acute upper respiratory tract infections in Hangzhou First People's Hospital during January 2011 and December 2012.MP,EB virus and CMV were detected using quantitative PCR.The distribution and seasonal changes of the above pathogens in children of different ages were analyzed using Chi-square tests.Results MP,EB virus and CMV were positive in 29.91％ (1777/5942),22.92％ (1362/5942) and 8.55％ (508/5942) children,respectively.Mixed infections were found in 556 (9.36％) children.The positive rates of MP varied among different age groups (x2 =113,P =0.000),and the highest one was detected in children ＞ 6-year old (448/1012,44.36％).EB virus infection was rare in age group 0-1 year,and the positive rate was of statistical difference from those in other age groups (x2 =167,181 and 187,P =0.000).The highest positive rate of CMV (23.78％) was found in children aged 0-1 year old.The positive rates of MP varied in different months of the year (x2 =208 and 211,P =0.000),and the highest positive rate was found in July and August.Conclusion The predominant pathogen of acute upper respiratory tract infection in children is MP in Hangzhou,and MP plus EB virus infection is common,particularly in older children;while CMV infection more likely occures in 0-1 year old babies,and usually in summer.

Hoxa3-Pax1/Pax9-Eya1-Six1/4 regulatory pathway seems to be operating during forming the bilateral parathyroid/thymus common primordial in early embryonic development.The specification of the parathyroid domain in the parathyroid/thymus primordial is regulated through a Shh-Tbx1-Gcm2 pathway.Gcm2 also may play roles in later steps of parathyroid development,including CaSR and PTH gene expression.MafB and Gcm2 interact with each other and synergistically activate PTH transcription.Genetic basis and the etiology of some hypoparathyroid disorders in man are involved defects in transcription factors that include GCMB,GATA3,Tbxl,SOX3 and GNA11.This marker expression in thymus and parathyroid primordium includes HoxA3,Pax1,Eya1,and Six1;and expression of parathyroid cell-like cells includes Gcm2,CaSR,and PTH.These expressions may serve as markers of stem cell differentiation into parathyroid cell-like cells.

Objective To explore the program of cultivating the nursing master students according to the present situation of China.Methods Delphi method was used in this study.Results In the type of scientific research,the order were the basic knowledge of nursing,clinical knowledge,research ability,ability of adapting society,teaching,management and the community nursing ability.In the type of clinic,the order were the basic knowledge of nursing,clinical knowledge,ability of adapting society,management,research ability,teaching and the community nursing ability.Conclusion According to the present situation of our country,the basic knowledge of nursing and the clinical skills should not be ignored.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of Wilm tumor gene (WT1) expression in breast cancer. Methods Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RQ-RT-PCR) method was established for detecting WT1 and GAPDH mRNA expression levels in 110 cases of various breast tumor and the corresponding adjacent normal breast tissue. Normalized WT1 expression level (WT1_N)was determined as a ratio between WT1 and GAPDH for each case. The tumor tissue WT1_N over the normaltissue WT1_N of the same case was calculated as T/N_(WT1) ratio, and T/N_(WT1) value was analyzed with the clinicalpathological parameters. Results The WT1_N expression levels of the 102 breast cancer tissues were significantly higher than those of the adjacent normal breast tissues, with the median WT1_N of 2.38 (ranged from 0.12 to 112.3) and 0.81 (ranged from 0.03 to 11.65) for each (P <0.01), but there were no statistical differences between the WT1_N of 8 benign breast tumors and the nearing normal tissues, with the median WT1_N of 0.46 (ranged from 0.16 to 5.04) and 0.53 (ranged from 0.14 to 4.94) for each. Furthermore the WT1_Nas well as the T/N_(WT1) ratio of the malignant breast cancer tissues were significantly higher than those of the benign tumor tissues, with the median T/N_(WT1) value of 2.54 (ranged from 0.28 to 172.88) and 1.17 (ranged from 0.09 to 2.63) for each. Non-parameter correlation analysis showed that the T/N_(WT1) in breast cancers were of no relevance to lymph node metastasis, clinical-pathological types, estrogen receptor and progestone receptor status, but positively correlated with the expression level of IL-8 gene which calculated with T/N IL-8(r =0.723, P <0.01). Conclusion The WT1 gene is highly expressed in breast cancer which suggests that WT1 level assessed by RQ-RT-PCR could be a novel marker of disease progression and poor prognosis.

Cycloheximide (CHX) inhibits protein synthesis in most eukaryotic cells and it is a well-known tool commonly used in biochemical research. In this paper, the antiviral spectrum of CHX against several DNA and RNA viruses have been evaluated. CHX showed strong inhibitory activities against several RNA viruses such as HIV-1, influenza viruses, coxsackie B virus, enterovirus (EV71) and several DNA viruses such as HSV and HCMV. Especially the strong inhibitory activities of CHX against coxsackie B virus and enterovirus caught our attention, since effective drugs available in clinic are limited. The SAR of CHX derivatives also has been discussed in the paper. The hydroxyl group at C-2' and carbonyl group at C-2" of CHX are essential for its antiviral activity. And modification to these groups results its derivatives' antiviral activities reduced or lost.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum cholesterol levels and immunoglobin types and clinical stages in the patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the blood lipid levels in 65 patients with MM at diagnosis, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein Al (apo-Al) and apolipoprotein B (apo-B), and explored relationship between lipid parameters and immunoglobulin types or clinical stages in patients with MM. Thirty healthy persons were served as controls. Results Of the 65 MM patients, 53.85% were IgG type, 63.1 % were at stage Ⅲ. The levels of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo Al and apo B in the patients with MM were significantly lower than that in the controls (P <0.05), and TG in MM patients was no difference with that in the controls (P >0.05). Except one case of IgD type, the levels of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo Al and apo B in Ig G and Ig A types of patients were significantly lower than that in the light chain type among other 64 cases (P <0.05), and TG levels in different immunoglobulin types was found no statistical differences. The levels of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and apo A1 in the patients with stage Ⅲ were lower than that of stage I and controls (P <0.05), furthermore, the level of LDL in stage Ⅱwas lower than that in stage Ⅰ. Conclusion Hypocholesterolemia are seen in the patients with MM and serum cholesterol levels are related to MM staging.