The rami communicantes in five adult cadavers were examined.All the rami were taken down serially in three cadavers;each pair was cut transversely into two parts to be separately sectioned and treated by the Weigert-Pal and Ranson's pyridine silver methods.Their components were observed under microscope for the presence or absence of the myelin sheath in order to identify a filament as of white or gray ramus. On the thoraco-lumbar levels,the shallower or lower ramus was coarser of the pair and its junction with the respective spinal nerve was also farther from the corresponding intervertebral foramen.It was composed mainly of myelinated fibers and hence designated as the white ramus.On the other hand,the deeper or upper member of the two was relatively slender and its junction with the pertinent spinal nerve was nearer to the foramen.This branch contained chiefly unmyelinated fibers and represented the gray ramus.The oblique ramus,which occurred occasionally and consisted mainly of myelinated elements,was also clas- sified with the white ramus. The White rami were definitely distributed from thoracic 1 to lumbar 3.The gray rami of the cervical 6-8 and lumbar 4-5 also contained a number of mye- linated fibers and even some sympathetic cells were aberrated into them.The upper cervical and lower sacral gray rami contained but rarely any myelinated elements. Thus,the white and gray communicating rami were formed not purely of myelinated or unmyelinated fibers,but a mixture of both,with,however,the predominence of one kind.In general,it is possible to ascertain the relative positions of the two rami in a cadaver under dissection.

HRP solution was injected into the right side of the thoracic spinal cord of the rat with a micropipette to observe the neurons which give rise to the descending propiospinal tract. Labeled neurons were distributed throughout the bilateral Rexed's laminae Ⅰ-Ⅹ of the spinal cord in the segments rostral to the site of HRP application. The greatest number of the labeled cells were consistently found in lamina Ⅶ (including the intermediolateral nucleus), and then in laminae Ⅷ and Ⅳ. Our results verified the existence of the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus and its intraspinal connections in the spinal cord of the rat. This nucleus gives rise to the descending projections to the lower spinal segments.

The purpose of this research work is to find out the longitudinal distribution of the preganglionic neurons which project to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCSG). Experiments were performed on 12 adult rabbits and a monkey. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, 20 microliters of 10% HRP were injected slowly into the rabbit's SCSG. In the monkey, 20 microliters of 15% HRP was injected.After a postoperative survival time of 3～6 days, the animals were perfused through,the ascending aorta with a cold fixative mixture composed of 2% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldyhyde in 0.1mol phosphatebuffer at pH 7.4. The spinal cord segments C_1～L_3 were cut serially in transverse plane on a cryostat at 48 micra.The HRP reaction product was demonstrated according to Mesulam's (1976) benzidine blue reaction method, and counterstained with neutral red.HRP labeled neurons in the spinal cord were located exclusively on the side ipsilateral to the injected SCSG. The total number of labeled cells were 7908 in 12 rabbits, but the number of labeled cells varied from animal to animal. The highest amount was 1690 (423~#) and the lowest amount was 71 (425~#). The longitudinal distribution of the labeled cells in 12 rabbits was 12 segaments of the spinal cord (C_6～T_9), but the largest proportion (86.18%) of them was concentrated from T_1 to T_4, especially at the level of T_2 and T_3 (56.22%), and with a peak at T_2 (29.10%).In cross section of the spinal cord. HRP-labeled cells were concentrated in four cell groups, they are: nucleus intermediolateralis pars principalis (ILp), nucleus intermediolateralis pars funicularis (ILf), nucleus intercalatus (IC) and nucleus intercalatus pars paraependymalis (ICpe). The latter is subdivided into dorsal portion and ventral portion. HRP positive cells were mainly located in the ILp, In 12 rabbits about 92.99% cells were located in it. A small portion of labeled cells(6.25%) were seen in the ILf. A few labeled neurons could be detected within,the IC (0.68%) and ICpe (0.08%). Furthermore, occasionally, very few labeled cells were found at the dorsol portion of the anterior horn.In the monkey, generally speaking, the pattern of the distribution of labeled cells was the same as the rabbit.

The origin of nerves innervating the small intestine and oral part of the colon of the cat was studied by means of the retrograde axonal transport of HRP. Twelve adult cats were used in this experiment. The proximal cut end of the superior mesenteric plexus was immersed in HRP solution, in order to localize the neurons which contribute fibers to this plexus. Neurohistochemical procedures were processed according to Mesulam's tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method. HRP labeled cells or fibers can be identified bilaterally in the following places: 1. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve; about 80% of the labeled cells were found in a region from 0.4mm below to 2.0 mm above the obex, approximately at the rostral two-thirds of the middle segment of this nucleus. 2. The reticular formation of medulla; only a few cells labeled and 92% of them were located in an area from 0.2, mm to 2.7 mm above the obex. 3. The coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion complex; almost all of the labeled cells were concentrated in the caudal part of it, near the origin of the superior mesenterie plexus. 4. The nodose ganglion; most of the oval or round labeled cells were of medium or small size, their diameters vary from 30 to 40?m, and the average total numbers of the labeled cells were 661 in the left and 695 in the right ganglion respectively. 5. The spinal ganglia; small round or oval labeled cells (25～45 ?m in diameter) were found in the left T_2 to L_5 and right T_2 to L_4 ganglia, with the most heavily labeled segments at T_(13) and L_1 (left, mean 365; right, mean 34% of all labeled cells). The average total number of the labeled Cells were 1872 in the left and 1698 in the right side. 6. Transganglionic labeled fibers were seen in the gracile nuclei of one cat, suggesting that HRP molecules are transported retrogradely in the peripheral process and anterogradely in the centrally projecting process of the same neuron of spinal ganglia.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with gabapentin for treatment of recurrent pain after trigeminal radiofrequency thermocoagulation.Methods Forty patients of both sexes suffering from recurrent pain after trigeminal radiofrequency thermocoagulation,who refused surgical treatment,aged 45-80 yr,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,with visual analog scale score ≥4,with the course of recurrent pain 0.5-17.0 months,were randomized into 2 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:gabapentin group (group A) and gabapentin plus rTMS group (group B).The patients were treated with 2 courses of rTMS in total (5 days for 1 course,1 time per day) and with the second course at a 2-day interval in group B.Effective analgesia and pain relief were recorded within 6 months after treatment,and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated according to the modified Macnab criteria.The daily consumption of gabapentin and development of rTMS-and gabapentin-related adverse reactions were recorded.Results No rTMS-related adverse reactions were found in group B.Compared with group A,the rates of effective analgesia and pain relief were significantly increased,the therapeutic efficacy was enhanced,the daily consumption of gabapentin was decreased,and the incidence of gabapentin-related adverse reactions was decreased in group B (P＜0.05).Conclusion Combination of rTMS and gabapentin produces better efficacy than gabapentin alone when used to treat the recurrent pain after trigeminal radiofrequency thermocoagulation,and the safety is good.

AIM: To study the reactions of human platelet to active complement and the effects of anti-CD59 on human platelet activation induced by complement. METHODS: By applying CVF to activate complement, the platelet aggregation and release reactions induced by activated complement with or without appling anti-CD59 with different doses to block the complement modulative protein CD59 in healthy individuals, were observed. RESULTS: CVF induced platelet release and significant and lasting metamorphosis in healthy individuals, but platelet aggregation was not observed. CVF-induced platelet metamorphosis showed positive linear correlation to lg concentration of CVF (r=0 970. P

This paper summarized the common medical ethical issues in clinical pharmacy service and analyzed them from the perspective of medical ethics.It put forward some countermeasures to solve these problems,such as helping clinical pharmacists to establish a patient-centered service mode,improving their occupation accomplish-ment,and avoiding moral issues and medical disputes caused by ethical issues under the premise of ensuring pa-tients' safety and rational use of drugs,and thus to comprehensively improve service level of clinical pharmacists.

Objective:To determine residual sulfite in traditional Chinese medicinal materials or pieces processed by sulfur fumi-gation respectively by iodine titration, acid-base titration and ion chromatography and compare the results. Methods:The three meth-ods were used to determine four kinds of Chinese herbal medicines including Codonopsis radix, Dioscoreae rhizoma, Achyranthis bident-atae Radix and Atractulodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, the recovery tests were also performed and the results were analyzed and compared to summarize the characteristics and quality control requirements of each method. Results:Iodine titration and acid-base titration had the advantages of simple operation process and low cost. However, there were many interference factors in the two methods, and due to different principles, they were suitable for the determination of different varieties of herbal medicines. Ion chromatography method had the advantages of high sensitivity and strong specificity, while the cost was high. Conclusion: It is suggested that proper methods should be chosen for the determination of sulfur dioxide residues according to actual situations.

Objective To observe the effect of Xuebijing on coagulation function in patients with sepsis. Methods Sixty-two patients with severe sepsis were admitted to Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from February 2015 to June 2017, and they were divided into Xuebijing group and routine treatment control group according to the random number table method, 31 cases in each group. Both groups were treated with symptomatic supportive therapy, and the Xuebijing group was treated with Xuebijing injection 50 mL intravenous drip on the basis of routine treatment, twice a day for consecutive 7 days. The differences in platelet count (PLT), 5 items of coagulation: D-dimer, fibrinogen (Fib), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ (APACHE Ⅱ) score were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results After treatment, in both groups, the levels of PLT and Fib were significantly higher than those before treatment, the level of D-dimer, APACHE Ⅱ were obviously lower than those before treatment, APTT, PT and TT were significantly shorter than those before treatment, and the changes in Xuebijing group were more marked than those in the routine treatment control group [PLT (×109/L):186.63±45.29 vs. 119.96±59.76, Fib (g/L): 3.88±1.82 vs. 2.33±1.33, D-dimer (mg/L): 0.40±0.11 vs. 0.65±0.14, APTT (s): 30.95±8.48 vs. 42.25±7.73, PT (s): 10.97±1.51 vs. 13.16±2.22, TT (s): 16.17±1.28 vs. 18.98±1.12, APACHE Ⅱ score: 6.62±2.91 vs. 12.87±4.54, all P ＜ 0.05]. Conclusion Xuebijing can regulate coagulation disorder in patients with severe sepsis, ameliorate the disease condition of patients, block the deterioration of disease development, and improve the prognosis of patients.

Objective: To identify Xanthii Fructus and secure its quality and safety in medication. Methods: Total ge-nomic DNA was extracted from Xanthii Fructus and its adulterants. ITS2 sequences were amplified, and purified PCR products were sequenced. Sequence assembly and consensus sequence generation were performed using the CodonCode Aligner V 4.2. The Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) distances were calculated using MEGA 5.0. The neigh-bor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic trees were constructed. Results: The intraspecific genetic distances of Xanthii Fructus were 0. The interspecific genetic distances between Xanthii Fructus and its adulterants were ranged from 0.009 to 0.542. The NJ tree showed that Xanthii Fructus could differ from its adulterants obviously. Conclusion: ITS2 can be used to identify Xanthii Fructus from its adulterants effectively, and our study further confirmed the effectiveness of ITS2 to identify traditional Chinese medicinal materials.