Glaucoma,the major cause of global irreversible blindness,is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve.Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and progressive loss of optic nerve axons results in structural and functional deficits in glaucoma patients.Growing evidence obtained from clinical and experimental studies over the last decade strongly suggests the involvement of the immune system in the neurodegenerative process of glaucoma.This review aims to provide a perspective on the complex interplay of cellular events during glaucomatous neurodegeneration that involves aberrances or dysfunctions of immune system,such as ocular immune privilege,glial activation response,T cell-mediated immune responses,autoantibody-mediated immune responses,complement fixation reaction and aging,oxidative stress.The complex interplay of cellular events amplify the primary injury process and contribute to disease progression by oxidative stress and immune response,ultimately lead to cell death with loss of RGCs.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of ozonated water injection for inflammatory pain of ankylosing spondylitis.Methods Forty patients suffered from inflammatory pain of ankylosing spondylit were admitted at the Xishan Coal Electricity Group Co.,Ltd Workers' General hospital from October 2013 to October 2016,and were randomly divided into Group A and Group B,20 cases in each group.Patients in Group A were treated with ozonated water injection into facet joint and sacroiliac joint,while patients in Group B were treated with diclofenac sodium controlled release table as control.Immunosuppressant was taken by all patients in both groups as the basic therapy.The VAS,ratio of VAS less than 3,Schober,Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index(BASDAI),CRP,ESR and side effects were evaluated before treatment and 1 week,1 and 2 months after treatment.Results Before treatment,1st week,1st and 2nd month after treatment,the VAS in group A were (8.20 ± 0.92) points,(2.60 ± 0.79) points,(2.30 ± 0.67) points,(1.50 ± 0.53) points respectively,the Schober were (2.55± 1.62) cm,(3.10± 1.59) cm,(3.35±1.99) cm,(4.10t 1.37) cm,and the BASDAI were (6.30±0.64),(2.68±0.46),(2.08±0.40),(1.56±0.48).Before treatment,1st week,1st and 2nd month after treatment,the VAS in group B were (8.30± 1.06) points,(4.00± 1.05) points,(2.50± 1.18) points,(1.80± 1.03) points,the Schober were (2.50 ± 1.80) cm,(2.85± 1.49) cm,(3.95 ± 1.19)cm,(4.05±0.89) cm,and the BASDAI were (5.64±0.47),(2.98±0.29),(2.20±0.37),(1.70±0.45).The repeated measured repeated measures analysis of variance showed that among three indexes of VAS,Schober and BASDAI,the difference within group was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05),but there were no significant difference between groups and interaction (P ＞ 0.05).The VAS and BASDAI of patients in both groups were significantly lower at 1st week,1st and 2nd month after treatment as compared to those before treatment,and the Schober of patients in group A at 1st week,1st month,2nd month and that of patients in group B at 1st month,2nd month significantly higher as compared with that before treatment(P＜0.05).The ratio of VAS less than 3 of patients in group A were 80％,100％ and 100％ at 1st week,1st and 2nd month after treatment,that in group B were 40％,80％ and 90％.The ratio of VAS less than 3 of patients in group A were significant higher than that of patients in group B at 1st week,1st month after treatment(P＜0.05).The CRP in group A were (43.3±12.6)mg/L,(8.46±6.92) mg/L before treatment,1st week after treatment,and that in group B were (43.1 ± 16.9)mg/L,(9.92±6.98) mg/L.The ESR in group A were (38.3±9.4) mm/h,(14.2±5.5) mm/h before treatment,1st week after treatment,and that in group B were (32.0± 10.1) mm/h,(12.8±6.5) mm/h.The CRP and ESR after treatment in two groups significantly lower as compared with those before treatment (P＜0.01),but there was no significant difference between group(P＞0.05).Four patients (20％) in group A and 11 patients(55％) in group B were suffered from gastrointestinal side effects after treatment,the ratio of group A was significant lower than that of group B (X2 =5.23,P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ozonated water injection into facet joint and sacroiliac joint compound immunosuppressant improved pain and joint function,and exhibited a low gastrointestinal side effects.

Objective To assess the effect and safety of mono and combination of intravenous flurbiprofen axetil (FP) and epidural tramadol on postoperative pain after cesarean section. Methods Eighty parturients undergoing selected cesarean section with combined epidural spinal anesthesia were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=20 in each): Group FT treated with intravenous FP 50 mg immediately after the umbilical cord was clamped (T1) and epidural tramadol at the time of suturing peritonaeum (T2);Group FF treated with intravenous FP 50 mg at T1 and T2;Group T treated with epidural tramadol 100 mg at T2, and Group F treated with FP 50 mg at T2. Postoperative pain was assessed by parturients using visual analog scales (VAS) at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h after surgery. The cases that patients required rescued analgesia were recorded as well as the times of analgesics administration. The events of nausea and vomiting within 24 hours as well as the time of first breast-feeding were observed. Results All groups were similar in VAS at 2 hours after surgery, but were statistically significant different at 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Group FF showed significant lower VAS than the other 3 groups. However, no significant difference of VAS was observed among the other 3 groups. Rescued analgesia was administered once after surgery to 7 cases in Group F, 4 in Group T, and 2 in Group FT. No patient in Group FF required rescued analgesia. There was significant difference in the rate of rescued analgesia post surgery among the 4 groups (P=0.0149). No significance in the incidence of nausea and vomiting was observed in 4 groups. There was no significant difference in the time of first breast-feeding after surgery in the 4 groups (F=0.54,P=0.657). Conclusions Intravenous flurbiprofen axetil administration immediately after the umbilical cord is clamped and at the time of closing peritonaeum in cesarean section could relieve postoperative pain and reduce postoperative rescue analgesic requirement without increasing the incidence of nausea and vomiting.

HRP solution was injected into the right side of the thoracic spinal cord of the rat with a micropipette to observe the neurons which give rise to the descending propiospinal tract. Labeled neurons were distributed throughout the bilateral Rexed's laminae Ⅰ-Ⅹ of the spinal cord in the segments rostral to the site of HRP application. The greatest number of the labeled cells were consistently found in lamina Ⅶ (including the intermediolateral nucleus), and then in laminae Ⅷ and Ⅳ. Our results verified the existence of the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus and its intraspinal connections in the spinal cord of the rat. This nucleus gives rise to the descending projections to the lower spinal segments.

60 years old,the positive rate of Han was higher than that of Uygur (?2=10.61 ?2=7.46,all P

Objective: To study the effect of immune regulation of the rat Sertoli cells in testis infection. Methods: UU and Escherichia coh'(E coli) were injected into the bladders of rats, which mimics the ascending infection pathway, while using culture medium injection as control. After 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks respectively, the rats were sacrificed to observe the pathological changes in testis section. Sertoli cells were separated and obtained from rat testis, then experiments were designed to use the immunohistochemical staining to examine the different level of IL-1, IL-6, TGF-P and FasL among control ,UU and E coli infected groups.Results:Compared with control, in UU and E.coli infected group, the level of IL-1 increased ,the level of IL-6 decreased, the levels of TGF-P and FasL increased. Conclusion: Sertoli cell can play the role of immune regulation, with the expressing changes of IL-1, IL-6, TGF-P and FasL in the infection of testis in rat.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the bacterial endotoxin test of ~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection.METHO_ DS:After dilution with 10 parts of water,~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection was detected with a method of tachypleus amebocyte lysa_te(TAL) and subjected to verification test.RESULTS:The interference of the dilute ~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection on TAL can be eliminated after dilution,the bacterial endotoxin levels for 3 batches of 131Ⅰ-epidepride injection were all below 50EU/ml.CONCLUSION:The method for the bacterial endotoxin test of ~(131)Ⅰ-epidepride injection is feasible.

BACKGROUND:The post-core crown system is an effective method for dental defect repair, but its repair outcomes are influenced by various factors;thereby, a further study is needed to optimize this method.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the stress distribution in different degrees of dental defect after post-core crown restoration under different occlusal contacts. METHODS:Three-dimensional models of the mandibular first molar were established by CT images, and models of complete natural teeth, six different defected teeth (total maxil ofacial slight and severe defects, distal middle maxil ofacial slight and severe defects, proximal middle maxil ofacial slight and severe defects) and two different post-core crowns (fiber post and zirconia post) were created by software. These models were imported into ANSYS software to analyze the stress distribution in dentin and periodontium under stable occlusal contact (ABC) and unstable occlusal contact (AC), respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The stress in dentin and the periodontium after post-core crown restoration under AC was obviously higher than that under ABC, and AC affected the restored teeth more markedly. The post-core crown material with higher elastic modulus could induce higher stresses, and severe defected teeth showed higher stress distribution. Different defected types made no overt effects on the stress distribution in the periodontium. These results suggest that the B area contact is critical in regulating occlusal contacts of restoration.

BACKGROUND: Traction force generated by adherent cells exerts on the extracellular matrix or cell substrate through the interaction between actin and myosin, which involves a variety of physiological and pathological processes.OBJECTIVE: To review the fundamental principles and application of several traction force techniques.METHODS: The first author retrieved the databases of CNKI, WanFang, PubMed and SpringerLink for the research addressing the measurements of traction force using the keywords of cell traction force, biomechanics in Chinese and English, respectively. Repetitive articles were excluded, and 30 literatures were enrolled for analysis, including 1 Chinese and 29 English articles.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are three kinds of measurements of traction force, such as silica gel membrane, traction force microscopy, and micromachined levers. The precise measurement of traction force contributes to further understand the cell-cell and cell-microenvironment mechanical interactions.