Objective: To assess and analyze the operation efficiency of 8 commission general public hospitals managed directly by National Health and Family Planning Commission and 8 municipal general hospitals managed directly by Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals in Beijing and to provide suggestions on improving service capacity and designing relevant health policy.Methods: Input and output data of 8 commission hospitals and 8 municipal hospitals were obtained from Beijing Direct-Reported Health Statistics data from 2011 to 2014.Data envelopment analysis was used as the hospital operation efficiency measurement tool.The CCR and BCC models were built to calculate technical efficiency (TE), pure technical efficiency (PTE), scale efficiency (SE) and the status of scale efficiency of 16 hospitals in 2011 and 2014;the Malmquist index model was built to analyze the total factor productivity change (TFPC), technological change (TC), technical efficiency change, pure technical efficiency change and scale efficiency change of the 16 hospitals from 2011 to 2014.Results: In 2011, the TE, PTE and SE of the commission hospitals were higher than those of the municipal hospitals, and the TEs of the commission hospitals and the municipal hospitals were 0.918 and 0.873 respectively.In 2014, the TE, PTE and SE of commission hospitals were lower than those of the municipal hospitals, and the TE of the commission hospitals and the municipal hospitals were 0.906 and 0.951, respectively, which was contrary to the results in 2011.According to the Malmquist index model, the average of TFPC of the municipal hospitals was larger than that of the commission hospitals, the former increased 5.9% and the latter increased 2.8% per year;the average of TC was greater than the one in both the municipal hospitals and the commission hospitals, with a growth of 3.2% and 2.9% per year, respectively;the average growth of PTE in the commission hospitals was lower than that of the municipal hospitals, and the average descent of SE in the commission hospitals was larger than that in the municipal hospitals.Conclusion: There are significant differences in the operation efficiency between different management systems and the main factors associated with operation efficiency are the technological and management level.Given scale efficiency status and macroeconomic medical policies, the commission hospitals and the municipal hospitals require further adjusting the distribution of medical resources, and it is of great significance for all the commission hospitals and the municipal hospitals to improve the management level and resource integration capability.

BACKGROUND:Poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins have been gradual y used in clinic, but there are stil few reports about the clinical effects of poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins in sternal fractures and sternal fixation after heart surgery.
OBJECTIVE:To summarize the clinical effects of poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins in coronary artery bypass grafting.
METHODS:Total y 150 patients who had received coronary artery bypass graft were enrol ed. Ninety-five out of 150 patients received sternal fixation using steel wires as control group, and the other 55 patients underwent sternal fixation using steel wires and poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins as test group. Pethidine dosage, incidence rates of pulmonary complications and wound infection, postoperative hospitalization days and hospital costs were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:During the fol ow-up period (3-8 years), there was no sternal infection and nonunion in the two groups. In the test group, pethidine dosage and hospitalization days were fewer than those in the control group (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the incidence rates of complications and wound infection and hospital costs between the two groups (P>0.05). These findings indicate that poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins are feasible in the coronary artery bypass grafting.

Objective To investigate the structure and function of cross-links on stereocilia of guinea pig outer hair cell (OHC). Method The ultrastructures of cross-links on stereocilia of guinea pig OHC were observed by scanning electron microscopy and tannic acid procedures. Results The side-links ran horizontally between OHC stereocilia. The stereocilia of the same and different row on each hair cell were joined by horizontally-running links. The side-links were observed in the first turn as well as the fourth turn. There were more side-links on the intact stereocilia than that on the disrupted arrangement. The side-links in the first turn and the fourth turn were more abundant than that in the second turn and the third turn. The side-links between stereocilia were spare if the stereocilia were separated. The number of side-links on stereocilia was proportional to the number of bulb-like structures on stereocilia. Conclusion The side-link is a kind of morphological structure on hair cells stereocilia of cochlea. The results suggest that cross-links play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of the hair cell stereocilia.

Objective To show the capability of NF-κB expression in cochlea. Methods Kanamycin (KA) was subcutaneously injected twice daily for 3 and 7 days with an eight hours interval between two injections, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected into the tympanic cavity of mice. Equal amount of saline was injected for 7 days as control. Frozen sections of all mice cochleae were examined immmunohistochemichally with rabbit polyclonal NF-κB p50. Expression of NF-κB p50 immunoreactivity of mouse cochleae is identified as showed as brown reaction products characteristic of DAB immunohistochemistry. Results Immnoreactivity NF-κB p50 in mouse cochlea was localized in the organ of Corti, spiral limbus, tectorial membrane, the vascular stria, spiral ligament, spiral ganglion and nerve fibers. The immunoreaction could be observed in all spirals throughout the cochlea. Stronger staining was visible in spiral ligament, tectorial membrane, spiral prominence, spiral ganglion and nerve fibers, and the organ of Corti. The immunoreaction in the vascular stria was weaker than that in the structures mentioned above. The immunoreaction in the organ of Corti was observed in inner hair cells (IHC) and outer hair cells (OHC), inner and outer pillar cells, Deiter's cells, and Boettcher's cells. The immunoreaction was weaker in inner sulcus cells, Hensen's cells and Claudius'cells. The stronger immunoreaction was observed in nucleus of spiral ganglion cells. The nucleus of IHC and OHC remained unstained. Conclusion The injection of LPS/KA can promote NF-κB p50 expression to induce an acute reaction in mouse cochlea.

Objective To investigate the role of connexin 43(Cx43)in the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC and its possible mechanism.Methods pcDNA-Cx43,pcDNA-Cx43N,pcDNA3.0,siRNA-Cx43 and siRNA-NC were transfected into BxPC3 cells via liposome method.Cx43 protein and Cytochrome C(Cyt C)concentration was determined by Western blot,and the apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V/PI binding assay.The mitechondria apoptosis pathway involved in Cx43 associated apoptosis was examined which contains the depolarization of mitechondrial membrane potential (MMP);fluorospectrophotometer was used to measure the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Gap junction intercellular communication(GJIC) was determined by dye-transfer method.Results Cx43 protein expression increased after BxPC3 transfeetion,apoptosis rate increased from(6.35±0.43)%in empty vector transfection group to(14.29±1.24)%;after H202 treatment,apoptosis rate increased from(20.34±2.47)%to(31.27±2.56)%(P<0.05).Meanwhile,mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased,Cyt C was increasingly released from mitochondria,caspases activities were increased;after siRNA43 interference,apoptosis rate decreased from(7.42±0.47)% to(5.19±1.37)%,after H_2O_2 treatment,apoptosis rate decreased from (19.43±1.71)%to(11.67±1.97)%(P<0.05).Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release were observed,caspases activities were decreased.GJIC of pcDNA-Cx 43 transfection group increased from 14.52±0.57 to 23.05±3.84.and it increased from 1.70 ±0.24 to 3.84 ±0.45 in the presence of β-GA(P<0.05).But the apoptosis rate was not significantly different.Conclusions Cx43 could promote BxPC3 apoptosis via mitochondrial apoptotic signal pathway,and the possible mechanism included signal pathway other than GJIC.

Objective:To explore the association between different urbanization levels and non-commu-nicable diseases (NCDs)in China and provide suggestions on designing relevant health policies in the ur-banization process.Methods:We obtained health-related data from China Health and Retirement Longi-tudinal Study (CHARLS)201 1 .This study used multistage sampling in design stage and covered 1 50 districts/counties,representative at the levels of the country.Geo-information system (GIS)method was used to get district areas data,and in combination with the Sixth National Census population data,we computed the population density which was regarded as the proxy variable of urbanization level in every city.The Logistic model was used to explore the effect of urbanization level on hypertension,diabetes, smoking,drinking,overweight and obesity.Results:Compared with other cities in China,Shanghai and Shenzhen,with the population density of more than 3 000 people per km2 ,were the cities with highest urbanization level.From the map of urbanization distribution across China,it was found that the urbani-zation levels of the northwestern districts were lower than those of the southeastern and coastal districts. The hypertension rate increased with the development of urbanization but there was no statistical signifi-cance.The proportion of patients with diabetes went up first and then saw a decrease trend in the process of urbanization.Drinking rate,overweight rate and obesity rate had similar trends,falling to their lowest point when urbanization level equaled 737,1 1 86 and 1 353 people per km2 respectively and then ex-perienced upward trends.By contrast,smoking rate declined first and then went up (the turning point was 1 029 people per km2 ).Conclusion:Different urbanization levels have different effects on NCDs, health-related behavior,overweight and obesity.Low urbanization level may create negative impact on health while high level can pose positive effect and increase people’s health condition possibly due to the improvement of health care accessibility and the quality of living environment.Policy-makers should spe-cially focus on different residents’health problems in different periods of urbanization,such as the impact of environmental pollution,health resources’allocation and accessibility of health services.It is necessa-ry to reduce or avoid the negative effect of urbanization on NCDs during the local development process to face the NCDs’threat.

ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of protein inhibitor of activated STAT-1 ( PIAS1 )in rat with acute pancreatitis (AP) and study its prediction value for severity and prognosis.MethodsSD rats were randomly divided into control,acute edematous pancreatitis (AEP),and acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) groups with 15 rats in each group.The rats were sacrificed at 0.5,6,16,24,48,72 h postoperatively.Serum CRP and amylase levels were determined.Water content of pancreas was measured.The pancreatic tissue was routinely harvested and underwent pathologic examination and was scored.The PIAS1protein expression was measured by Western blot and immunohistochemistry method.The survival rates at 72h were recorded and the risk analysis of multiple factors was investigated by Cóx regression method.ResultsThe pathologic score,water content of pancreas,serum CRP and amylase levels at 16h in ANP group were (7.70 ±2.55),(2.91 ±0.57)％,(0.36 ±0.05)mg/L,(3141 ±625)U/L,which were significandy higher than those in AEP group [(2.60 ±1.04),(2.04 ±0.47)％,(0.24 ±0.05)mg/L,(1984 ± 637)U/L)],and also significantly higher than those in control group [ (0.80 ±0.42),( 1.21 ±0.27)％,(0.14 ±0.03)mg/L,(978 ± 353) U/L,(P ＜ 0.05or 0.01 ) ].The survival time of ANP rats was [ (26.36 ± 3.41 ) h,95％ CI:19.67～33.06 h],which were significantly shorter than that in AEP group [ (57.26 ±4.16)h,95％ CI:49.11 ～ 65.42) ],and also significantly shorter than that in control group [ (71.33 ±0.54) h,95％ CI:70.26 ～71.40,P ＜0.01 ].The expression of PIAS1 at 16h in ANP group was significantly lower than those in AEP group and control group ( 0.10 ± 0.01 vs.0.80 ± 0.07,0.87 ± 0.05,P ＜ 0.01 ).The Cox analysis suggested that PIAS1 was an independent prognosis factor for the survival time of AP rats.ConclusionsPIAS1 is lowly to moderately expressed in ANP,and is negatively correlated with AP severity,and may be an independent risk factor for the prediction of severity and prognosis of AP.

Objective To investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on the morphine tolerance in rats and the underlying mechanism.Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =8 each):control group (group C),morphine tolerance group (group MT),rosuvastatin control group (group RC),rosuvastatin 0.4 mg/kg group (group R1),rosuvastatin 2.0 mg/kg group (group R2)and rosuvastatin 10.0 mg/kg group (group R3).Morphine tolerance was induced by subcutaneous injection of morphine 10.0 mg/kg at 8:00 and 16:00 everyday for 5 consecutive days.The equal volume of normal saline was given in groups C and RC.Normal saline 10 ml/kg was injected through a gastric tube into stomach everyday at 30 min after subcutaneous injection of normal saline or morphine for 5 consecutive days in groups C and MT.Rosuvastatin 10,0.4,2.0 and 10.0 mg/kg were injected through a gastric tube into stomach everyday at 30 min after subcutaneous injection of normal saline or morphine for 5 consecutive days in groups RC,R1,R2 and R3,respectively.The paw withdrawal latency to nociceptive thermal stimulation was measured 1 day before (T1) and 1 day after morphine tolerance was induced (T2).The percentage of maximal possible effect (MPE) was calculated.The rats were sacrificed after the last measurement of pain threshold and the L5 segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK)(by Western blot) and contents of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (by ELISA).Results Compared with group C,MPE was significantly decreased at T2 and the expression of p-ERK and contents of IL-1β and TNF-α were increased in groups MT and R1 (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group MT,MPE was significantly increased at T2 and the expression of p-ERK and contents of IL-1β and TNF-α were decreased in groups RC,R2 and R3 (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the indicators mentioned above between groups R2 and R3,and in the expression of ERK between the six groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Rosuvastatin can attenuate the morphine tolerance in rats by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK and decreasing the level of IL-1β and TNF-α.

Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in rats and the role of hippocampal glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β).Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-300 g,aged 2 months,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =10 each):control group (group C) ; PTSD group (group P) ; sevoflurane group (group S) ; lithium chloride (LiC1) + sevoflurane group (group LS).Establishment of PTSD model:the rats received 15 footshocks (1 mA,1 s shocks with a variable intershock interval of 240-480 s) in room A on the first day.On the second day,the rats received 1 footshock after an adaptation of 192 s in room B where its context was completely different from room A,and then they were removed from room B 32 s later.The rats were placed in room B and observed for 512 s on the third day.Group C did not receive any treatment on the first day in room A,while the other three groups received 15 footshocks in room A.In addition,0.8％ sevoflurane was administrated while training in group S,and group LS received intraperitoneal LiCl 100 mg/kg at 30 min before entering room A,and then the other treatments were similar to those previously described in group S.The ratio of freezing was recorded in room B on the second and third days.Four rats in each group were randomly sacrificed at 2 h after training in room A on the first day and their hippocampal tissues were taken to detect the expression of GSK-3β and phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β).Results Compared with group C,the ratio of freezing was significantly increased on the third day and the p-GSK-3β expression was up-regulated in P and LS groups,and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group S.Compared with group P,the ratio of freezing was significantly decreased on the third day and the p-GSK-3β expression was down-regulated in group S,and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group LS.Compared with group S,the ratio of freezing was significantly increased on the third day and the p-GSK-3β expression was up-regulated in group LS.There was no significant difference in the ratio of freezing on the second day and expression of p-GSK-3β between the four groups.Conclusion Sevoflurane can inhibit the development of PTSD in rats,and enhancement of hippocampal GSK-3β activity may be involved in the mechanism.

Objective To screen the difference of gene expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG)of inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity rats and to explore the role of voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) in inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity. Methods Total 180 male Sprague-Dawley rats were in this study,the weight varied from 200 gram to 300 gram. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model group was maken by 2. 0% TNBS slowly injection,the dosage was 100mg per kilogram. The normal control group was only injected with same volume of 0. 9% sodium chloride solution. After the model had been maken for four days,gene expression profiles of L6-S2 DRGs were tested by rat cDNA microarray chips. And the result was verified by RT-PCR and Western blot. The changes of intracellular Ca2+ and the voltage gated calcium currents were recorded by patch-clamp.The special Ca2+ channel blockers were given by intrathecal injection,and then the changes of visceral sensitivity were observed. The visceral sensitivity was measured by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR). Results There were significant changes of 172 genes expression in L6-S2 DRGs of TNBS model rats,which included Ca2+ channel,membrane receptor and intracellular second messenger. Of those,L-type Ca2+ channel (Cav1. 2) and R-type Ca2+ channel (Cav2. 3) were significantly up-regulated. The results of gene microarray chips were further confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot.The intracellular Ca2+ testing indicated that there was no statistical significant of resting intracellular Ca2+ in colonic special sensory neuron between TNBS group and normal control group (P＞0. 05);while the evoked transients [Ca2+] significantly increased compared with normal control group (P＜0. 05). The whole cell patch clamp recording showed that the L-type and R-type calcium current were significantly increased in colonic primary sensory neurons of TNBS group compared with normal control group (P＜0. 05). The inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity was significantly reduced by intrathecal injection of nimodipine and SNX-482 (P＜0. 05). Conclusion The up-regulation of Cav1. 2and Cav2. 3 play an important role in inflammatory visceral hyperalgesia,which may be the possible potential therapeutic targets for visceral inflammatory hyperalgesia.