Objective To understand the direct economic burden of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)due to multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs).Methods Computer retrieval of CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,PubMed,Sci-enceDirect,and Cochrane databases on literatures about economic burden of MDRO HAI at home and abroad were performed,the retrieval time was from database establishment to December 2015,systematic evaluation of the liter-atures was obtained.Results According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,as well as through Newcastle-Otta-wa Scale (NOS)for evaluating the literatures,19 literatures were included.In 12 studies about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus infection,the direct economic cost varied from $916.61 to $62908.00;in 4 studies about MDRO Acinetobacterbaumannii infection,the direct economic cost varied from$4644.00 to $98575.00.Direct economic cost due to extended-spectrumβ-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae was $2824.14-$30093.00. Conclusion MDRO HAI will increase economic cost of both hospitals and patients,prevention and control measures should be taken .

Aiming at evidence-based medicine course of graduate students, foreign medical colleges and universities usually took in the teaching philosophy that emphasized stages (focusing on knowledge ac-cumulation) and practicality (focusing on ability training). And they put forward a lot of teaching methods which implemented the conception, such as problem-based learning, journal club, blended learning approach, online learning platform, concept mapping etc. In order to provide a useful reference for the domestic teaching reform and development, this paper introduced the teaching philosophy and related teaching meth-ods mentioned above.

Objective: Alport syndrome was an inherited kidney disease caused by the mutation of COL4A3, COL4A4, or COL4A5. Whole-exome sequencing was used to detect the mutations on these genes for the molecular diagnosis of Alport syndrome. Methods: A 6-year-old girl found accidentally with microscopic hematuria at the age of 4. The clinical data and blood sample of the family including proband, parents, brothers, and sisters were collected. Whole exome sequencing was conducted using their genomic DNAs. Results: A novel heterozygous frameshift mutation c.1826delC (p.Pro609Glnfs*44) was found in the exon 25 of the COL4A4 (NM_000092) in the proband, the father, and the sister, showing an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of Alport syndrome. This mutation of COL4A4 was confirmed by mutation analysis, and the mutation of c.1826delC was verified by Sanger sequencing. No mutations on COL4A3 and COL4A5 were detected in this family. And the mother and brother are normal wide-type. Conclusions This novel mutation is a valuable addition to the current genetic profile of Alport syndrome, and provide us a better understanding of the disease. Whole-exome sequencing is a power tool to identify the novel mutations of inherited disease and contribute to the molecular diagnosis of disease.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the knowledge， attitude and practice （KAP） of medication use and safety among the patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome （AIDS） in a 3A-grade hospital of Guangzhou city， and to provide scientific basis for AIDS prevention and treatment. MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among AIDS patients aged 18 years and above in our hospital to investigate their KAP regarding medication use and safety. ResultsA total of 549 questionnaires were collected， of which 503 were valid， with an effective recovery rate of 91.6%. The average scores of KAP were （14.58 ± 8.49） ， （25.21 ± 6.92） and （47.58 ± 3.33） ， respectively， with the scoring rates of 36.46%， 63.02%， and 95.16%， respectively. There were statistically significant differences （P＜0.05） in knowledge scores among people with different ages， education levels and occupations. Multiple linear regression showed that education level and medical insurance status had most significant impact on knowledge scores （P<0.05）. Significant differences were found in attitude scores among people with different education levels （P<0.05）， as well as in practice scores among people with different occupations （P<0.05）. Multiple linear regression revealed that age， occupation， knowledge score and attitude score had a significant impact on practice scores （P<0.05）. Patients expected to receive pharmaceutical care services from the pharmacists via face-to-face communication， network platform and telephone consultation on medication knowledge such as adverse drug reactions and response measures， drug-drug interactions， missed medication and response measures， medication adherence measures， etc. ConclusionsAIDS patients in this hospital have a good awareness of medication safety， but their knowledge of medication use needs improvement. Some bad habits may affect their compliance， resulting in safety hazards. Therefore， there is an urgent demand for pharmaceutical care services related to rational drug use.