Embryonic stem(ES) cells are derived from totipotent cells of the early mammalian embryo and are capable of unlimited, undifferentiated proliferation in vitro. The establishment of mouse ES cell lines demonstrated the unmatchable convenience for the study of mouse embryonic development and the particular gene regulation and function. It has been long expected to construct such cell line for human. Here we summarized the development in the construction of human ES cell line, its potential utilization in various fields and the possible ethical dilemmas it brought with were also discussed.

Objective Using apomorphine, a potent dopamine receptor agonist and rotating T-maze, the effect of apomorphine on the visual discrimination learning and reversal learning in rats was investigated. Methods All rats were trained in a visual discrimination task (food reward and light stimulus) in rotating T-maze. After reaching the acquisition criterion, rats were trained in a reversal task (food reward and without light stimulus) in the same maze. During the period of visual discrimination task, apomorphine was administrated either 30 minutes prior to learning or after learning immediately. Results The results showed that apomorphine, which was given either 30 minutes prior to visual discrimination learning or after learning, could impair the acquisition of discrimination learning( 259.20±26.29 and 264.00±16.97, compared to 168.00±16.97 and 163.20±20.08) and apomorphine, which was given only after visual discrimination learning, could impair the acquisition of reversal learning (451.20±39.44 compared to 360.00±29.39). Conclusion The results showed that apomorphine, which was given either 30 minutes prior to visual discrimination learning or after learning, could impair the acquisition of discrimination learning and apomorphine, which was given only after visual discrimination learning, could impair the acquisition of reversal learning.

One hundred and sixty-eight specimens of precancerous lesions of gastric mucosa were studied with mucohistochemistry,and ABC immunohisto-chemistry stains of MG7 which is a monoclonal antibody against human gastric cancer (GC).In addition,quantitative analysis of cell DNA was performed with flowcytometry in 36 specimens.It was found that the incidence of type I b intestinal metaplasia (IM) was significantly higher in dysplasia and in the mucosa adjacent to GC than in chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG),and the positive rate of MG7-Ag in type Ⅱb IM was significantly higher than that in type Ⅰa,Ⅰb and Ⅱa IM.Type Ⅱb IM could degenerate into dysplasia.MG7-Ag positive rate,DNA aneuploid rate and the percentage of S and G2+ M cells were significantly higher in type Ⅱb IM with dysplasia than in simple type Ⅱb IM.These findings support the supposed progressive course of CAG →type Ⅱb IM→dyspalsia→GC,and type Ⅱb IM with dysplasia is closely associated with GC.

Tissue sections of gastrointestinal tract of Wistar rats were stained with PAS,AB (pH 2.5) and HID/AB (pH 2.5) techniques (O study the distribution patterns of epithelial muco-substances in the gastrointestinal tract and the distribution patterns of Wistar rats and human adults were compared.It was found that Wistar rats and human adults had similar distribution patterns throughout the gastrointestinal tract except the small intestines.Neutral mucosubstance was most abundant in the stomach and there was a small amount of sialomucin in the base of the lesser curvature and the neck of the gastric glands.From the proximal down to the distal colon,there was a progressive decrease of nuutral mucosubstance and sialomucin but a progressive increase of sulfo-mucin.The distribution patterns were apparently different between the right and left halves of the colon.In the small intestines,sulfomucin was present in the jejunum and ileum in Wistar rats but only in the terminal ileum in human beings.The histochemical observations of mucosubstance distribution in the normal gastrointestinal tract of Wistar rats and human adults can provide valuable criteria for experimental of clinical studies of various pathological conditions.

Objective To study the method of extraction,purification,and analysis of total flavonoids of Radix Glycyrrhizae(TFG).Methods The extracting effects of three different ways(ultrasonic wave,heating recirculation,and maceration)for TFG were compared.TFG was refined with resin absorption and the effects of different parameters on yield and purity were observed.Naringin scanning method was used to analyze TFG.Results TFG extracting percentage is 5.46 %by ultrasonic wave method,6.12 %by heating recirculation,and 5.04 %by maceration,the effect of heating recirculation being the best.In the test of resin absorption of TFG,the heating recirculation composition is mainly located in 40 %～60 %ethanol elution parts.Conclusion The best method for extracting TFG is heating recirculation in above three methods,Elution with 80%ethanol continuously after water elution is the the optimal resin purification method for TFG.

The invasive model of gastric carcinoma in nude mice was constructed with gastric carcinoma cells SGC-7901 and SGC-7901-T2. The expression of type IVcollagenase (MT-MMP) and the changes of basement membrane (BM) in normal kidey tissue and malignant lesion of gastric were studied by immunohistochemical technique. The results showed that the positive rate of type IV collagenase(MT-MMP)was 36.6%in normal kidey tissue and 70% in malignant lesions (P

Objective To study the effects of Bitong mixture on children with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyp in perioperative period.Methods 72 patients acquired for nasal endoscope were randomly divided into a combining traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment group and a control group.The control group was given traditional western medical treatment,and treatment group was given Bitong mixture on that basis.Results ①clinical effects:Total effective rate of postoperative 3 months、6 months、9 months was 94.59％、88.89％、80.00％ in the treatment group respectively and 88.57％、80.00％、66.67％ in the control group respectively.Compared the two groups after treatment at the same time,differences were statistically significant (x2=6.41 、6.81、7.22,P＜0.05).The efficacy of 12 months after operation in the treatment group and control group declined compared with that of 3 months after operation in each group,but still significant differences existed between groups (x2=6.08、6.98,P＜0.05).②symptom score:symptoms improvements such as alleviating headaches 、reducing pus stuff at 2 weeks 、1 months 、3 months after treatment in the treatment group was obvious than those before the treatment (P＜0.01),and also better than those in the control group at the same time.The improving blocked nose,sense of smell after three months treatment in the treatment group were better than those of the control group respectively at the time(P＜0.05).Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine can effectively improve symptoms,enhance the curative effect in children with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyp at perioperative period,and it is worth of further clinical application and research.

0.05). Of 98 cagE positive isolates, 14(14.3%) were cagA negative. Conclusion Most of the H. pylori isolates in Shanghai region may have intact cag PAI. cagE, could be taken as the marker for the presence of cag PAI. There is no correlation between the integrality of cag PAI and the clinical outcome of H. pylori of infection.

Objective To observe the effects of Baizhu Huangqi Decoction and its effective-part prescription on mice ulcerative colitis(UC).Methods The mice UC model was induced by clyster with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid(TNBS)and the effects were comprehensively evaluated by disease activity index,the macroscopic and histological assessment of colon mucosa damage and the activity of myeloperoxidase(MPO).Results Both Baizhu Huangqi Decoction and its effective-part prescription had effects on disease activity index(DAI),inflammation index and MPO activity.The effect of effective-part prescription was better than that of UC model group(P

Objective To understand awareness of basic knowledge on control and prevention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among general practitioner in community health service centers. Methods Questionnaire survey was conducted among 593 general practitioners at 15 community health service centers in a district of Shanghai in the morning of February 26, 2008. Results Five hundred and forty-two of 593 ( 91.4% ) general practitioners surveyed knew that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be abbreviated as COPD, and 315 of them (53.1%) thought they knew the main contents of the "Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". No pulmonary function instrument was equipped at all 15 community health service centers surveyed, and 501 of 593 ( 84.5% ) general practitioners knew spirometry is gold standard for diagnosis of COPD. Only 115 ( 19.4% ) general practitioners knew that COPD can be categorized as acute exacerbation and stable stage. One hundred and sixty-three of them (27.5%) knew that drug therapy should be maintained in COPD patients for long term following effective treatment, 328 (55.3%) recognized that treatment for COPD patients was still needed in their stable stage, and 312 (52.6%) believed that antibiotics may not be necessary and 465 (78.4%) thought that inhalation therapy was the choice of treatment for acute exacerbation of COPD. Two hundred and thirty-five of them (39.6%) knew that oxygen inhalation should be more than 15 hours per day in regular family therapy. The investigation showed that 365 (61.6%) general practitioners had participated in training for COPD-related knowledge, only one or two times a year. Awareness of COPD knowledge was significantly poorer in rural practitioners than that in urban community ones. Conclusions Basic knowledge of prevention and treatment for COPD was seriously lack in general practitioners, so it is a necessity to strengthen training for them.