Objective To establish a Goto-Kakizaki ( GK) rat model of duodenal-jejunal bypass( DJB) and ob-serve the changes in insulin-resistance after surgery, and to explore the mechanism of DJB surgery in treatment of type 2 di-abetes mellitus.Methods Male Goto-kakizaki diabetic rats(GK,n=36)were used as experiment group and 18 healthy male Wistar rats as blank group.GK rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic control group and DJB surgery group ( n=18) .Euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was performed in 6 rats randomly taken from each group at third week, sixth week and ninth week after surgery, respectively.The expression levels of Gck, G6P, PEPCK mRNA in the liver and GLUT4 content on skeletal muscle cell plasma membrance were detected one week after the clamp test. Results In the DJB surgery group at the end of third week and sixth week after surgery, the levels of glucose infusion rates and the expression levels of Gck, G6P, PEPCK mRNA in the liver showed no statistically significant difference as com-pared with the diabetic control group (P>0.05).In the DJB surgery group at the end of 9th week after surgery, the glu-cose infusion rate and expression level of Gck mRNA in the liver were significantly higher, and the expression of G6P and PEPCK mRNA was significantly lower than those in the diabetic control group ( P<0.05 for all) .At the three time points (3rd week, 6th week and 9th week after surgery), there was no significant difference in the GLUT4 content on skeletal muscle cell plasma membrane between the diabetic control group and DJB surgery group ( P>0.05 for all) .Conclusions Our results indicate that the mechanism of DJB surgery improving blood glucose level may be closely related to the amel-ioration of insulin-resistance in the liver, thereby augmenting glucose uptake and inhibiting gluconeogenesis in liver through the regulation of glucose metabolism-related enzymes.There is no significant improvement in insulin-resistance in the skele-tal muscles during the experiment period.This result implies that the effect of DJB surgery on type 2 diabetes is related to the duration of therapy.

Objective To observe the genetic predisposition of complement C5 gene polymorphisms in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in Chongqing Han population.Methods 400 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients (case group) and 600 age-and sex-matched healthy controls (control group) were enrolled in this study.There were 8 PDR patients in case group.All the subjects were Han ethnic people.The immune-related representative SNP locus of C5 gene including rs2269067,rs7040033,rs7027797 were screened by linkage disequilibrium analysis.Locus rs1017119 was selected by TagSNP and was around the above three loci.Subjects' peripheral venous blood was collected and DNA was extracted.Genotyping was examined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.The level of C5 plasma protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay.Results The frequency of GG genotype of rs2269067 was significantly increased in PDR patients in cases group compared with controls (Pc=3.4 × 10-5,OR=1.87,95％CI=1.43-2.44;P=3.1 × 10-6).There was no differences in frequency of G,CC and CG genotype of rs2269067 between two groups (P=1.4 × 10-4,1.000,1.0 × 10-6).There were no differences in frequency of G,CC,CG,GG genotype of rs7040033,rs1017119,and rs7027797 between two groups (P＞0.05).The production of C5 plasma protein was significantly increased in case group as compare with control group (P=0.0004).An increased production of C5 plasma protein was observed in rs2269067 GG genotype cases compared to CG or CC cases (P=0.003,0.001).Conclusion C5 rs2269067 GG genotype may be associated with the PDR of T2D in Chongqing Han population.

Objective To evaluate the method for vaginal treconstruction with muscle sparing verti-cle rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap(MS-VRAM flap). Methods From September 2006 to April 2008, MS-VRAM flaps were used for vaginal reconstruction in 9 patients (20 to 35 years old), ancl all ca-ses were congenital absence of vagina. Before operation, the inferior epigastrie arteries were detected by the Doppler and the flaps based on the perforators ranged from 6 cm×20 cm. MS-VRAM flaps were ele-vated and then transferred to reconstruct the vagina. Results All 9 cases of MS-VRAM flaps survived completely. No complications occurred at donor site of abdominal wall. With 2-12 months' follow-up, the patients were satisfied with the results. Conclusion Despite technical difficulties in elevating the MS-VRAM flap, the flap is a good choice for vaginal reconstruction.

To investigate the effect of the basic knowledge of chemistry teaching for preparatory international students,bilingual teaching based on Chinese-English languages and multimedia teaching,such flexible applications are carried out,which increases the students' listening,speaking,reading and writing skills in Chinese and helps them to adapt to the academic environment in China,and to master basic chemistry knowledge efficiently so that students can lay a good foundation for undergraduate program.

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of nano-alumina(nano-Al2 O3 )on mitophagy in primary cortical neuronal cells from Wistar newborn rats. METHODS The purity of neuronal cells was detected by immunohistochemistry,and the lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)assay was performed to determine the viability of the cells treated with 13 nm nano-Al2 O3 0.5 mmol·L-1 for 12,24 and 48 h,respectively. The mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)was detected by flow cytometry analysis . The ultrastructure of mitochondria and mitophagy vacuoles was observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). Auto-phagic vacuoles were observed by dansylpentanediamine(MDC)staining and the expression of autoph-agy related protein Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ/ Ⅰ was determined by Western blotting. Mitophagy was observed by Lysotracker and Mitotracker staining respectively. RESULTS More than 95% cells were neuronal cells. The activity of LDH in the supernatant liquid exposed to nano-Al2 O3 for 12 and 24 h groups was sig-nificantly increased compared with the control group(P﹤0.05). After exposure to nano-Al2 O3 ,the mito-chondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased compared with the control group( P ﹤0.01). The results of TEM displayed mitochondrial swelling and the formation of vacuoles and mitophagy in nano-Al2 O3 groups. MDC positive fluorescence particles were observed and the expression of autophagy related protein Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ/ Ⅰ was increased in nano-Al2 O3 groups compared with the control group( P ﹤ 0. 05 ). The result of Lysotracker and Mitotracker colocalization showed the fusion of mitochondria and lysosomals. CONCULSION Nano-Al2 O3 may induce autophagy and mitochondria damage in neuronal cells while the damaged mitochondria may be removed by mitophagy.

Objective To observe the efficacy of Complex Oral Motor Scoring (COMS) and diadochokinetic rate (DR) on evaluation of oral motor dysfunction and speech disorders in children with cerebral palsy. Methods 107 children with cerebral palsy were tested with Chinese-version Articulation Test, Simple Oral Motor Scoring (SOMS), COMS and DR. The correlation among SOMS, COMS and DR was analysesd. Results 85 children were abnormal in SOMS and 94 in COMS. Oral dyskinesia was found in all the children with spastic quadriplegia, dyskinetic, ataxia and mixed type of cerebral palsy, and less in the type of spastic diplegia and hemiplegia. DR was the least in spastic quadriplegia, dyskinetic, mixed type of cerebral palsy, more in the type of ataxia and spastic diplegia, and the most in hemiplegia. The coefficient of correlation among the SOMS, COMS, the longest pronunciation and DR were more than 0.8 (P<0.01). Conclusion The incidence and severity of oral dyskinesia and dysarthria are associated with the types of cerebral palsy. There is good correlation among SOMS, COMS, longest pronunciation and DR.

Objective To investigate the classification and surgical management of patients with palpebral bags. Methods A total of 200 cases with palpebral bags who underwent surgical treatment between May 2003 to August 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The palpebral bags were classified according to skin flaccidness, bulging of excessive orbital septum fat and tarsus relaxation. The postoperative cosmetic results were also assessed. Results Of the 200 treated cases, the postoperative cosmetic results were assessed as very satisfactory in 178 (89 % ) cases, as satisfactory in 18 (9 % ) cases, and as dissatisfactory in4 (2 % ) cases. Conclusion Patients with palpebral bags should be treated with different surgical methods according to their different types.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of liposome PGE1 on the survival of the expanded flap.Methods The minipigs were set up as an animal model.They were divided into 2 groups.The expanded flaps (8 cm ×2 cm) were designed and elevated on the back of an minipig.An image analysis technology was used to evaluate the survival rate of the expanded flap,while realtimePCR technique was used to investigate the molecular mechanism.Results The survival area of the expanded flap in the Lipo PGE1 group was significantly enlarged (P＜0.01) compared with the control group.The VEGF,iNOS and Ang-1 gene expression decreased,but TGF-β1 gene expression increased.But there was no significant difference between two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusions The Lipo PGE1 could promote survival rate of the expanded flap,but the mechanism does not involve the regulation of VEGF,iNOS,Ang-1 and TGF-β1 gene expression.

OBJECTIVE To explore the potential neurotoxicity of nano-alu mina (<50 n m)in vivo, we treated the ICR mouse with the nano-alu mina to investigate the mitochondrial da mage of nerve cells on morphology and function.METHODS Adult male mice were exposed to nano-alu mina (<50 n m)of 0,25,50 and 75 mg·kg -1 by nasal instillation for 1 month.Then we observed the mitochondrial ultra-structure of the nerve cells in CA3 region of hippoca mpus,and measured the mean dia meter in every group.The activities of Na +-K +-ATPase and Ca2 +-Mg2 +-ATPase were tested by the determination of the inorganic phosphorus,which was the deco mposition product of ATPase.Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of COX-Ⅳ,Beclin1 ,LC3Ιand LC3Ⅱ.RESULTS Co mpared with 0 and 25 mg·kg -1 groups exposed to Al2 O3 nanopartilces (Al2 O3 NPs),the mitochondria of CA3 region in hip-poca mpus in 50 mg·kg -1 group beca me ede matous and swollen with sparse and broken cristae sur-rounding the nuclear,and the mean dia meter was higher(0.49 ±0.02 μm,P <0.05).But co mpared with 50 mg·kg -1 group,the mitochondria in 75 mg·kg -1 group beca me s maller with inner cristae of high density,and the mean dia meter was lower(0.36 ±0.02 μm,P<0.05).The enzy me activity of the mito-chondria in cerebral cortex decreased dose-dependently with exposure,the activities of Na +-K +-ATPase in 50 and 75 mg·kg -1 groups(6.37 ±0.22 kU·g -1 protein,5.48 ±1 .53 kU·g -1 protein)and Ca2 +-Mg2 +-ATPase in 50 and 75 mg·kg -1 groups (3.21 ±0.99 kU·g -1 protein,3.28 ±0.15 kU·g -1 protein)were lower than the 0 mg·kg -1 group(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the Ca2 +-Mg2 +-ATPase in 50 and 75 mg·kg -1 groups showed lower activities in co mparison with the 25 mg·kg -1 group.The 75 mg·kg -1 group expressed higher level of the COX-Ⅳ protein 1 .35 ±0.66(P<0.05)than other groups.Both expression of Beclin1 protein and rate of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰin 75 mg·kg -1 group were more than the 0 mg·kg -1 group. CONCLUSION The mitochondrial dysfunction may be the potential neurotoxicity of nano-alu mina,and the da maged mitochondria were cleared by autophagy.

Objective To explore the clinical significance of expression of the CD20 in 96 adults B-lineage acute lyrnphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Methods The CD20 expression of 96 acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients were determined by flow cytometry. The characteristics ,examination results and outcome were analyzed retrospectively. Results Out of the 96 patients, there were 29 (30.20 %) patients with CD20positive and 67 (69.79 %) patients with CD20 negative. The distribution of age, infiltration of liver, spleen, and lymphnodes, the expression of myeloid lineage marker, the incidence of Ph chromosome and bcr-abl fusion gene and the complete remission rate within 4 weeks between CD20 positive and negative groups showed no significant differences (P ＞ 0.05). The relapse rate and 3 year over survival rate of adults B-ALL in CD20 positive and negative groups were 54.55 % and 14.80 %, 29.63 % and 37.30 % respectively with a significant differences (x2 = 0.42, 5.31, P＜ 0.05). Conclusion The expression of CD20 in adult B-ALL appears to be not associated with clinical features and CD20 expression in adult B-ALL cells appears to be associated with poor prognosis.