BACKGROUND: International research discovers that the risk factors of stroke have certain correlation with microalbuminuria(MAU) but the results are inconsistent.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the incidence of MAU in patients with acute cerebral infarction and the risk factor of stroke and the recurrence of cerebral infarction.DESIGN: A case-control study based on patients with acute cerebral infarction and individuals with risk factors of cerebral infarction, and the healthy elderly as controls.SETTING: Inpatient department of neurology in a university hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 214 cases with cerebral infarction or risk factors of cerebral infarction aged between 50 and 80 years old were selected from the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2000 and December 2001. Acute cerebral infarction group (infarction group, attack within one week, n =78), cerebral infarction risk factor group(risk group, n = 56), such as, hypertension, diabetes,coronary heart disease (CHD), transient ischemic attack(TIA) or stroke history(more than 6 months), and healthy elderly(control group, n=28) .Thereinto, combined group( n = 109) included 78 cases of acute cerebral infarction and 31 cases with TIA or stroke history of risk factors.METHODS: Seralbumin, serum creatine(SCr), blood sugar, total cholesterol, total triacylglycerol(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) were detected after more than 12 hours of fasting. The albumin in the first urine in the morning was detected by radio-immunity analysis.the incidence of neo-vascular affair in 2 years of follow-up including recurtute indicator: incidence of MAU in each group.RESULTS: Patients with MAU accounted for 35% of acute cerebral infarction, which were significantly higher than that of risk group(15% ) and control group(3.5%, P ＜ 0.01). Six independent risk factors predicting MAU existed in infarction group and combined group, which were diabetes, seralbumin level, age, CHD, hypertension, and HDL-C( P ＜ 0. 05, or P ＜ 0.01).After(1.5 ±0. 9) years of follow-up, 23% of patients of infarction group suffered from recurrent vascular accident, which was significantly higher than that of risk group(12% ) and control group(0%, P ＜ 0.01 ). 36% of MAU patients in infarction group suffered from recurrent vascular accident, which was significantly different from that of patients with a great deal of albuminuria(41% ) and normal albuminuria(10%, P ＜ 0. 05). MAU is the independent predicting indicator for the recurrence of stroke after the control of diabetes and hypertension in patients of infarction group and risk group with the risk rate of 3.8 (95% CI, 1.2-13.5; P ＜0.05) or 4. 7(95%CI,1.4-16.7, P ＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: MAU is quite common in acute cerebral infarction patients. After the adjustment of basic risk factors, MAU is the independent risk factor of the recurrence of cerebral infarction.

Objective 　To evaluate the quantitative sensory testing in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and polyneuropathy (PNP). Methods　The quantitative sensory test (QST) was performed with Thermal Sensory Analyzer(TSA-2001) and Vibratory Sensory Analyzer(VSA-6003). Thermal and vibratory sensory tests were performed in the left patients with GBS or PNP and healthy subjects, on four sites of the left limbs by the method of Limits. Stimultaneously sensory conduction velocity (SCV) was measured. Results　There were increased TT and VT on distal limbs in the patients with GBS (with or without the symptoms or signs of disturbance of sensation) and PNP. QST in GBS and PNP was more sensitive than the clinical examination and SCV. There was significant association between VT and SCV in GBS, but not a significant association between TT\, VT and SCV in PNP. There was a paradoxical heat sensation in two patients with uremic PNP. Conclusions　QST is a sensitive and reliable test and can be a useful test in the diagnosis of PNP.

The aim of our study wasto investigated the changesof NO concentration in the ischemic and reperfutional brain tissues and the relationship between the NO and brain damage.The animal models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were established by suture method.The changesof NO concentration were researched with method of Hb O2 -NO during the permanent ischemia and ischemia/ reperfusion.The results showed that the NO level in the injured brain tissue after3hours of ischemia was increased.After reperfusion,the NO level increased progressively,but NO level showed decreased and then increased during the permanent ischemia.Although there wasa decrease of NO level at7days after ischemia and reperfusion,but the NO level was higher than that of preischemia.It indicated that the changes of NO concentration during the different process of cerebral ischemia and reperfu- sion are related to the differentisoform of NOS,which have respective characteristic forsyn- thesizing NO in biochemistry,and deal with the cerebral ischemic and reperfusional injury.

Objective To investigate the changes of non-linear dynamics properties of EEG under different mental tasks,and the application of non-linear dynamic analysis for cognitive function research. Methods EEG was recorded in 30 healthy university students under four states: eyes closed,eyes open,mental arithmetic with eyes closed and graphic reasoning test with eyes open.Correlation dimension (D 2) and point-wise correlation dimension (PD 2) were calculated for all subjects.We also performed a surrogate data test in 5 randomized selected subjects. Results In all states tested,the results argued for the presence of non-linearity and fractal D 2 and PD 2.D 2 and PD 2 increased significantly during mental tasks as compared to the rest states (D 2 of above four states was 3.93,4.47,4.33 and 4.98 respectively).The results showed that values of D 2 and PD 2 fluctuated with time,which suggests an intermittent activation of the brain areas participated in the task.With non-linear dynamic analysis,there might be a working circuit from bilateral temporal lobes to the left frontal lobe and parental lobe under mental arithmetic task.Conclusions Through dynamic analysis based on D 2 and PD 2 topographic maps,we can see clearly the distribution of D 2 and PD 2 in the brain,the sequence and the degree of activation of the regions involved in the cognitive task under mental tasks.Dynamic and short-time non-linear analysis methods are more appropriate for the study of mental functions.Non-linear dynamic analysis might help us understand the working mechanism of brain during mental activities.

Objective To evaluate the application of quantitative sensory testing (QST) to diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods TSA 2001 thermal sensory analyzer and VSA 6003 vibratory sensory analyzer made in Israel were used for thermal, vibratory tests and sensory conduction velocity (SCV) at four different locations of extremities in 45 diabetics and 22 normal persons. Results The thermal threshold (TT) and vibratory threshold (VT) of the diabetics were higher than those of age matched normal controls. In diabetics the TT was more frequently abnormal than the VT, which suggested that the small nerve fibers were more vulnerable than large fibers. Quantitative thermal testing (QTT) was more sensitive than quantitative vibratory testing (QVT) and SCV in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, especially in subclinical neuropathy. There was no significant correlation between the TT or VT and blood glucose in diabetics. Conclusion QTT is a sensitive method for diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect and clinical significance of Yangxue Qingnao granules(YQG) on MEP and SPECT of typical migraine patients METHODS:15 typical migraine patients took YQG for 20 days and received MEP before and after treatment,taking 15 healthy volunteers as control 5 patients in treatment group underwent SPECT before and after treatment RESULTS:The stimulating threshold value of MEP before treatment was lower than that after treatment and CMCT was longer than that after treatment The stimulating threshold values of the healthy volunteers had no changes and were higher than those of the typical migraine patients The qualitative analysis of the 5 SPECT showed that hypoperfusion areas occured at varying degrees and perfusion defect had got remarkable improvement after treatment CONCLUSION:YQG can effectively treat typical migraine and control it's attack

Objective To investigate the mechanism of preconditioned neuroprotection of cerebellar fastigial nucleus electrical stimulation(FNS) by means of observation of the effect of FNS on the expressions of PKC? and PKC? in the somatosensery cortex and basal ganglia in rats. Methods FNS models in rats were established. Brain tissue containing the somatosensery cortex and basal ganglia was removed at 0 h and 1, 3, 7 and 10 d respectively after FNS and 20 ?m coronal sections were obtained with a sliding cryo microtome. Immunocytochemical analysis of PKC? and PKC? in 2 sections from each rat was performed and the average optical density of immunostaining was quantified by computer assisted image analysis system. Sham stimulation rats and cerebral dentate nucleus (DN) stimulation rats were used as the control. Results At 0 h after FNS, no significant changes of the expressions of PKC? and PKC? were found in the contralateral somatosensery cortex and basal ganglia. The expressions of PKC? and PKC? increased significantly at 1 d and decreased at 3 d but were still higher than those in sham stimulation group at 7 d and decreased to the basal level of the control at 10 d. However, the expressions of PKC? and PKC? in the ipsilateral somatosensery cortex and basal ganglia were also elevated at 1 d after FNS but the increase was significantly lower than that in the contralateral ones and reached the basal level at 3 d. There was no change of PKC? and PKC? in sham stimulation group at 1 d after DN stimulation. Conclusion The increased expressions of PKC? and PKC? in the somatosensery cortex and basal ganglia induced by FNS may participate in the preconditioned neuroprotection of FNS.

Objective To investigate the role of spinal cord opioid receptors in the antinocieeptive effect of propefol in rats. Methods Male SD rats weighing 220-280 g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal chloral hydrate 300 mg/kg. Intratbecal (IT) catheter was placed at L5～6 interspace. Correct placement was confirmed by lower extremity motor block after injection of 2% lidocaine 15 μl via the iv catheter. Animals which were lame or paralyzed were excluded. Ninety SD rats in which IT catheters were successfully placed were randomly divided into 9 groups (n = 10 each): group Ⅰ propofol 10μg IT (P);group Ⅱ dimethyl suipbexide (DMSO-solvent for propofol) 5 μl IT (D);group Ⅲ artificial cerebral spinal fluid (ACSF) 5 μl IT;group Ⅳ propoful 10 μl + naloxone 15 μg IT (PN);group Ⅴ DMSO 5 μl IT + naloxone 15 μg IT (DN);group Ⅳ propofol 10μg IT + CTOP Ⅰμg IT (PC);group Ⅶ DMSO 5 μl IT + CTOP 1μg IT (DC);group Ⅷ propofol 10 μg IT + ICI 174, 864 1 μg IT (PI) and group ⅨDMSO 5 μl 1T + ICI 174, 864 1 μg IT (DI). In group Ⅳ-Ⅸ naloxone or CTOP (μ-receptor antagonist) or ICI 174, 864 (δ-receptor antagonist) was injected 5 min after propofol/DMSO. Pain threshold was measured before the first drug administration (T0) and at 10 min (T1), 20 min (T2) and 40 min (T3) after the first drug administration using hot water tail-withdrawal test. The latency for withdrawal of the tail from hot water was recorded. Results The pain threshold was significantly higher in group P, PN, PC and PI than in group D, DN, DC and DI respectively. The pain threshold was significantly increased at T1.2 compared with the baseline value at T0 in group P, PN, PC and PI. The pain threshold was significantly lower at T3 than at T1 and T2 in group P, PN, PC and PI. The pain threshold was significantly lower after drug administration in group PN and PI than in group P and PC. Conclusion Spinal cord δ-oploid receptors are involved in the anfinocicepfive effect of propofol.

Objective To investigate the effect of preconditioning through stimulation of the fastigial nucleus (FNS)on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 after cerebral ischemia. Methods A total of 312 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into three groups:a control group,a sham-FNS group and a FNS group.All the rats in the sham-FNS and FNS groups were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)by using a thread to occlude the right middle cerebral artery,while those in the control group were subject only to a similar operative procedure without real MCAO.Twenty-four hours before the operation,all the rats in the FNS group were given 1 hour of preconditioning FNS,while those in the sham-FNS group was given sham-FNS.Individuals were sacrificed at the 6th,12th,24th,and 72nd hour after MCAO.The brain water content was measured by the dry-wet weight method.The blood-brain barrier(BBB)permeability was measured using Evan's blue.MMP-9 protein expression was measured by Western blotting.Results The water content in the ischemic brain tissue,the BBB permeability and the expression of MMP-9 were all found to be significantly higher in the sham-FNS group than in the control group.Compared with the sham-FNS group,the brain water content and BBB permeability were significantly lower in the FNS group,while M MP-9 protein expression also decreased significantly.Conclusion FNS preconditioning can inhibit MMP-9 expression,thereby relieving BBB permeability and ischemic brain edema.

Primary hepatic malignant fibrous histiocytoma(PHMFH)remains extremely rare with less than 60 cases reported in literature.From October 1999 to May 2008,5 patients with PHMFH had been admitted to Yantai Cancer Hospital,Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College,and the results of spiral CT were analyzed.Six tumors were detected,and the maximum diameter of the tumors was more than 8.5 cm.CT plain scanning revealed that all tumors were hypodense,4 patients with tumor necrosis and cystic degeneration,and the tumor in 1 patient wag with homogen density.Enhanced CT scanning showed marked enhancement of the solid component of tumor in 4 patients,slight enhancement in 1 patient,and a"fast in and fast out"sign in 5 patients.Hepatic bile ducts and portal vein were not involved.One patient was with portal lymph node metastasis and 1 with ioferior vena cava involvement.The characteristics of spiral CT imaging of PHMFH include tumor necrosis,cystis and invasion,as well as"fast in and fast out"sign,which could help to diagnose,although the ultimate diagnosis depends on histopathological examination.