Multilocus sequence typing MLST with high solution sensitivity and specificity is widely used to study the population genetic structure of pathogen by amplification and sequencing of the housekeeping genes. MLST also provides more evidence and plays an important role in parasite research. This paper reviews the principle and method of MLST and its applica-tion on population genetic structure analysis of parasites.

Objective:To evaluate the changes of different parts of upper airway after alternating rapid palatal expansion and constriction via three dimensional measurement, compared with the protocol of ra-pid palatal expansion alone.Methods: In the study, 36 patients with retrognathic maxilla were selected and randomized to either group A or group B.The patients in group A were treated with rapid palatal expansion alone.The patients in group B were treated with alternating rapid palatal expansion and constriction.Three dimensional analyses were performed on all pre-and post-treatment cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with the software Dolphin.Results: Two subjects in group B were lost to follow up during the treatment.The gender distributions, ages and all measuring items before treatment had no significant difference between group A and group B (P>0.05).Nasal floor width, nasal lateral width, nasal volume, and nasopharynx volume increased significantly in each group after rapid palatal expansion alone or rapid palatal expansion and constriction (P<0.05).The variations of oropharyngeal volume and hypopharyngeal volume had no significant difference (P>0.05).No significant difference was observed in the nasal floor width and nasal lateral width increment among the anterior, median and posterior parts in each group either (P>0.05).No significant difference in all the measuring items was observed between the two groups (P>0.05).Conclusion:Alternating rapid palatal expansion and constriction could increase the volume of nasal and naopharynx cavities by the similar way of rapid palatal expansion alone, and had no obvious effect on oropharynx and hypopharynx cavities.

With the advantage of clear target and little side effect, antibody drug has attracted widely attention of worldwide pharmaceutical companies. However, large scale mammalian cell culture and antibody quality analysis are the bottlenecks of antibody drug industrialization in China. Especially due to the significant effect of cell culture conditions on antibody heterogeneity. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to optimize cell culture conditions to favor the demands of antibody drug development. This review summarized the most recent advances in the effect of cell culture conditions on antibody quality, followed by addressing the key issues that might be strategically important for domestic antibody drug development.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; biosynthesis ; isolation & purification ; Antibody Formation ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; trends ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Protein Stability ; Quality Control

Accurate placement of pedicle screws is a key factor of spinal surgery. Investigation of a new real-time intra-operative monitoring method is an important area of clinical application research which makes a contribution to planting pedicle screw accurately. Porcine spines were chosen as experimental objects. The changes of reduced scattering coefficient (μ'(s)) along normal puncture path, medial perforation path and lateral perforation path were measured and studied. A conclusion is drawn that there are two distinct peaks throughout the puncture process, appearing at the junction of cancellous bone and cortical bone, at the beginning and at the end, respectively. The reduced scattering coefficient is proved to be a good monitoring factor which can identify whether the screw is about to reach the critical position of the spine puncture. Moreover, the variation provides an important reference for spinal surgical navigation process.
Animals ; Biomedical Research ; Bone Screws ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; Punctures ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Spine ; surgery ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; Swine

Xiaochaihu Decoction comes from Shang Han Lun, which is a main formula for Shaoyang diseases. According to the principle of prescriptions corresponding to syndromes, the clinical application of modified Xiaochaihu Decoction for the treatment of swelling, pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and constipation after artificial total knee arthroplasty can achieve good efficacy.

A total of 52 patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis were randomly assigned into platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (n =28) or corticosteroid (n =24) group.The visual analog pain scale (VAS) and Mayo elbow score had no significant difference between two groups within 1 week post-treatment.However,VAS and Mayo elbow score improved more significantly in PRP group versus corticosteroid group at Month 1 and 6 post-treatment (P ＜ 0.05).The PRP trigger point injection treatment of elbow lateral epicondylitis achieved clinical outcomes and it was superior to glucocorticoid treatment.

Adult ; Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III ; therapy ; Orthodontics ; Orthodontics, Corrective ; methods ; Preoperative Care ; methods

Objective To investigate the value of three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging(3D-STI) in assessment of left ventricular regional systolic function in acute myocardial infarction model of dogs.Methods Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was ligated in 24 adult beagle dogs.Longitudinal strain(LS) of every left ventricular segment before ligation and 180 min after ligation,and the time for acquisition and analysis were obtained using two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) and 3D-STI.After the experiment,left ventricular myocardium were determined by TTC staining and divided into two groups:infarcted myocardial segments and non-infarcted myocardial segments.Results Experimental model of acute myocardial infarction was established successfully in 20 dogs.After ligation,both LS of 2D-STI and 3D-STI in infarcted myocardial segments were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.01).The time for acquisition and analysis of the images by 3D-STI were significantly shorter than that by 2D-STI (P ＜0.01).The area under the ROC curve of 3D-STI was larger than that of 2D-STI.A cut-off value of-12.56％ for LS of the 3D-STI had 77.9％ sensitivity and 88.2％ specificity in predicting acute myocardial infarction.Conclusions 3D-STI is a convenient,accurate method for evaluating left ventricular regional systolic function.

After the antidepressant patents were retrieved from Innography, their distribution, R& D level, hot spots and core patents were analyzed , which showed that the largest number of antidepressant patents was produced in USA, the medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients were the hot spots, the technological and economic strengths of Pfizer, Novo and Sanofi-Aventis were relatively tremendous.The law-suited patents, reex-amined patents and patent strength were mined.

Objective To investigate the effect of tube voltage and iodine concentration of contrast medium (CM) on abdominal dynamic enhanced CT image quality.Methods Six miniature pigs underwent repeated upper abdomen dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scans in 4 scanning protocols with different concentration of CM and tube voltage,namely,protocol 1,CM with iodine concentration of 270 milligrams iodine per milliliter (mg/ml) and 80 kV tube voltage;protocol 2,270 mg/ml and 120 kV;protocol 3,370 mg/ml and 80 kV and protocol 4,370 mg/ml and 120 kV.The same iodine dose (600 mg/ml) and iodine delivery rate (IDR) (920 mg/s) were used in all protocols.The CM with iodine concentration of 270 mg/ml were injected at a flow rate of 3.4 ml/s,and 370 mg/ml CM injected at 2.5 ml/s.Image reconstruction was performed with iterative reconstruction (iDose4) in protocol 1 and 3,filtered back projection (FBP) was used in protocol 2 and 4.A subjective scoring system for image quality,image noise and sharpness was conducted by 2 radiologists independently.The measured values (peak of enhanced CT values,image noise of aorta,inferior vena cava,portal vein,hepatic vein and liver parenchyma) as well as the calculated values [their time-to-peak,signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) ratios] were compared between among 4 protocols.The CT volume dose index (CDTIvol) and dose length product (DLP) were recorded from the CT console after each scanning.Factorial designed ANOVA was used for comparison of enhanced CT values of vessels and liver parenchyma,noise,SNR and CNR.The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison of values among the 4 protocols,including the time-to-peak enhancement of vessels and liver parenchyma,the subjective scores of image quality indices.Result There was no significant differences in subjective scores of the image quality,image noise and image sharpness (P＞0.05).The scored were more than 3,and the images with 4 scanning protocols were all acceptable for diagnosis.There was no significant differences between protocol 1 and 3,protocol 2 and 4 in the peak enhancement CT values of aorta [(729±46) HU vs.(707±59)HU,(515±84)HU vs.(513±53)HU],inferior vena cava [(366±95)HU vs.(368±92)HU,(282±39)HU vs.(262 ± 67)HU],portal vein [(213± 18)HU vs.(201 ±29)HU,(180±21)HU vs.(176±27)HU],hepatic vein [(207±18)HU vs.(193±10)HU,(179±24)HU vs.(170±14)HU] and liver parenchyma [(128±7) HU vs.(127±4) HU,(135±5)HU vs.(135±6)HU] (P＞0.05).But the CT values of vessels (aorta,inferior vena cava,portal vein and hepatic vein) in protocol 1 and 3 were significantly higher than those in protocol 2 and 4 (P＜0.05),the CT values of liver parenchyma in protocol 1 and 3 were significantly lower than values in protocol 2 and 4 (P＜0.05).The image noises of vessels were higher in protocol 1 and 3 than noises in other protocols (P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference in liver parenchyma noise among protocols (P＞0.05).No significant differences were observed on the peak times,SNR and CNR in aorta,inferior vena cava,portal vein,hepatic vein and liver parenchyma among 4 protocols (P＞0.05).The CDTIvol and DLP were 199.67 mGy,1 597.4 mGy· cm respectively in protocol 1 and 3,585.12 mGy and 4 680.9 mGy· cm in protocol 2 and 4 (scanning with 120 kV).Conclusions CM with different iodinated concentration could achieve the same enhancement in the abdominal vessels and liver parenchyma by using the proper scan protocols,which have the same IDR and iodine dose per kilogram body weight.Higher vessel enhanced peak values were achieved when using the protocols with 80 kV tube voltage than 120 kV.By using a low dose protocol of 80 kV tube voltage with the iterative reconstruction algorithm,the quality of image can be warranted.