Objective To study the changed status of mortality from urinary and male genital diseases in Shanghai Hongkou district in recent years. Methods Mortality from diseases in Shanghai Hongkou district population from 1991 to 1998 was studied and analyzed. Results There were 1130 persons died of urinary and male genital diseases,749 being male and 381 female.It accounted for 2.08% of the total death,being 2.58% in the male and 1.51% in the female.The 5 major urinary and male genital diseases were in turn nephritis and nephropathy,bladder cancer,benign prostatic diseases,prostate cancer and renal carcinoma.Mortality from bladder cancer,renal cancer,prostate cancer and other prostatic diseases has been rising as compared to those in the 80s especially protatic cancer and other prostatic diseases whereas mortality from nephritis and nephropathy,pyelonephritis and renal failure was decreasing. Conclusions Mortality from prostate cancer and other prostatic diseases in population is remarkably rising.Attention is called to the study,prophylaxis and treatment of prostatic diseases.

Nerve mediated syncope is the most common type of syncope in children, which is a kind of functional cardiovascular disease, including vasovagal syncope(VVS), postural tachycardia syndrome(POTS), orthostatic hypotension(OH), orthostatic hypertension(OHT), situational syncope(SS)and carotid sinus syndrome(CSS). Among them, VVS and POTS are the main ones, accounting for about 95% of children with nerve mediated syncope.Nerve mediated syncope affects the children′s daily life, threatens their physical and mental health, and causes anxiety among the parents.Therefore, there have been lots of researches on this disease in recent years.This paper reviewes the research progress of clinical features, clinical diagnosis and treatment of VVS, POTS, OH and OHT in children and adolescents.

Objective To explore the etiological factors of primary pathological duodenogastric reflux (DGR) through investigating the relationship between severity of bile refulx,the changes of surface gastric electric rhythm and gastric emptying movement in primary pathological DGR patients.Methods From January 2007 to April 2008 in Qingdao Municipal Hospital,58 cases of outpatients diagnosed as primary pathological DGR and 21 healthy individuals (control group) were collected and underwent 24-hour gastric bilirubin monitoring,gastric endoscopy,gastric electric rhythm,and gastric emptying test.The relationship between gastric electric parameters and gastric emptying,bilirubin reflux,Hp infection was analyzed.Results 1.The main frequency in fasting and postprandial of primary pathological DGR patients [(1.94±0.04) cpm vs (2.93±0.07) cpm; (2.12±0.03) cpm vs (3.35 ±0.05) cpm],the percentage of normal gastric slow wave in fasting and postprandial (74.46± 0.56 vs 85.55 ± 1.06 ; 63.97 ± 0.64 vs 86.13 ± 1.49),and fasting/postprandial power ratio (PR) (1.68±0.02 vs 2.75±0.09) were all lower than those of control group (P＜0.05).The percentage of bradygastria in fasting and postprandial of DGR patients (18.04±0.36 vs 7.76±0.78;23.73±0.91 vs 8.47±0.55),the percentage of tachygastria in fasting and postprandial (8.93±0.26 vs 5.75±0.66;13.02±0.40 vs 7.66±0.27) were higher than that of control group (P＜0.05).2.The main frequency of severe reflux patients in fasting and postprandial [( 1.68 ± 0.07) cpm vs (2.13 ± 0.07)cpm; (2.18±0.09) cpm vs (2.76±0.06) cpm],the percentage of normal gastric slow wave in fasting and postprandial (69.71±0.43 vs 80.35±0.68; 56.36 ±0.85 vs 72.34±0.80),fasting /postprandial PR (1.47±0.04 vs 2.02±0.04) were lower than those of mild-reflux group (P＜0.05).The percentage of bradygastria in fasting and postprandial of severe reflux patients (22.94 ± 0.68 vs 13.47 ± 0.61; 29.61 ± 1.14 vs 17.55 ± 0.51) and the percentage of tachygastria in fasting and postprandial (9.94 ± 0.54 vs 7.02 ± 0.42 ; 17.04 ± 0.70 vs 10.71 ± 0.20) were higher than that of mild-reflux group (P＜0.05).3.There was no significant difference of gastric electrical parameters in fasting and postprandial between Hp-positive and Hp-negative groups (P＞0.05).4.The ratio of gastric emptying in DGR group was significantly lower than that of control group (37.9％ vs 90.5 ％,P＜0.05).The gastric emptying delay in DGR group significantly increased compared with control group (60.3％ vs 9.5％,P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in gastric emptying delay between severe-reflux group and light-reflux group (69.0％ vs 51.7％,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions There is dysfuntion of gastric myoelectrical activity and gastric motility in primary pathological DGR patients,which may be an important mechanism in pathological DGR.

Objective To study the diagnostic value of porphobilin staining of gastric mucus for primary pathologic duodenogastric reflux (DGR). Methods A total of 58 DGR patients diagnosed from January, 2007 to April, 2008 were recruited to the study as DGR group, and 21 healthy volunteers as control.All subjects underwent 24-hour intragastric bilirubin monitor and gastroscopy. Bilirubin absorption value of 0. 25 and median reflux time of 23.60% were taken as thresholds to differentiate low reflux group ( reflux time ＜ 23.60% ) and high reflux group (reflux time ≥23.60% ). Porphobilin staining of gastric mucosa was quantitatively analyzed. Results Deposition of porphobilin in mucosa of gastric antrum, gastric angle and gastric body in primary pathologi DGR group was significantly higher than those in healthy group (P ＜0. 05 ). The occurrence of atrophic and intestinal metaplasia of gastric antrum in high reflux group was significantly higher than that of low reflux group (P ＜ 0. 05). Deposition of porphobilin in mucosa of gastric antrum, gastric angle and gastric body in high reflux group was significantly higher than that of low reflux group (P ＜ 0. 05 ). The New Sydney system pathological scores of gastric antrum and angle of high reflux group was higher than that of low reflux group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The deposition of porphobilin in mucosa of gastric antrum and gastric angle was positively correlated with New Sydney system pathological scores in primary pathological DGR group (r=0.59, P=0.041 andr=0.73, P=0.038). Conclusion Porphobilin staining of mucosa in gastric antrum can reflect the severity of bile reflux, and is positively correlated with the extent of gastric mucosal lesion, which may be helpful in diagnosis of primary pathological DGR.

Objective To investigate the association between tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF ?) gene polymorphism and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods Genomic DNA from 98 Chinese AS patients and 70 ethnically matched controls were typed for TNF(308) polymorphism by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS PCR).Results The TNF genotypes in AS patients were respectively TNF1 homozygote 37%,TNF2 homozygote 10% and TNF1 and TNF2 heterozygote 53%.While TNF genotypes in controls group were respectively TNF1 homozygote 67%,TNF2 homozygote 3% and TNF1 and TNF2 heterozygote 30%.Significant difference was found in the distribution of TNF 308 genotype between both groups ( ? 2=15 73, P

OBJECTIVE To give an overview of our hospital′s actual infection situation and provide scientific data for nosocomial infection management.METHODS With a cross-sectional study,the infection rate was investigated.RESULTS The infection rate was 2.39%,and the most common infection site was lower respiratory tract(50.00%);the department of neurosurgory was with the highest infection rate;the risk factors for NI included: respiratory ventilator,tracheotomy,blood vessel catheter and indwelling catheter.CONCLUSIONS The departments with the higher infection rate should be given enhancing surveillance.Cleaning and antisepsis of environment,procedures of aseptico skills,compliance of washing hands and antibiotics management should be strengthened.

Objective To explore the correlation between the joint detection of cholinesterase(CHE),alpha-L-fucosidase(AFU) and alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)and primary hepatic cancer(PHC).Methods 56 cases of patients with PHC(PHC group),52 cases of patients with liver cirrhosis(LC group)and 60 cases of healthy individuals(control group)were enrolled in this study,and serum levels of CHE,AFU and AFP were detected and statistically analysed.Results Serum levels of CHE in patients with PHC were negatively correlated with levels of AFU and AFP(correlation coefficient was -0.889 and -0.797 respectively,P <0.05),the ser-um levels of CHE in patients with LC were also negatively correlated with levels of AFU and AFP (correlation coefficient was-0.598 and -0.653 respectively,P <0.05).The positive rates of joint detection of CHE,AFU and AFP in PHC group and LC group were higher than that in the control group,had statistically significant differences(P <0.05 ).Conclusion CHE,AFU and AFP are sensitive indicators of liver lesions,and the joint detection could provide reference value for diagnosis and monitoring pro-gression of PHC.

Objective To study the association among gastric mucosal lesions caused by primary pathological duodenogastric reflux(DGR),H.pylori infection,and bile reflux.Methods Twenty-four hour intragastric bilirubin monitoring were performed on 58 patients with primary pathological DGR.The patients were divided into high reflux group(n=29)and lOW reflux group(n=29)based on the severity of bile reflux(＜23.60%).The association among gastric mucosal lesions,H.pylori infection,and bile reflux were analyzed.Results The positive rate of H.pylori infection was 20.7% (6/29)in high reflux group and 48.3%(14/29)in low reflux group(P＜0.05).The frequency of intestinal metaplasia in gastric antrum and angularis in high reflux group was higher than that in low reflux group(P＜0.05).The pathological scores of gastric antrum and angularis in H.pylori positive group and high reflux group were higher than those in H.pylori negative group and low reflux group (P＜0.05).The time percentage of bilirubin absorbance≥0.25 in H.pylori positive group was lower than that in negative group(P＜0.05),while the difference in short reflux frequency,long reflux frequency,longest reflux time,maximum,mean and median value of absorbance between H.pylori positive and negative groups showed no significant difference(P＞0.05).The time percentage of bilirubin absorbance≥0.25 was positively correlated with pathological scores of gastric antrum and angularis in both H.pylori positive and negative groups(P＜0.05),but was not correlated with that of gastric body(P＞0.05).Conclusions In patients with primary pathological DGR,excessive bile reflux is related to chronic lesion of gastric mucosa.regardless of H.pylori infection.Bile reflux may inhibit H.pylori to locate in gastric mucosa.H.pylori infection and bile reflux may co-contribute to gastric mucosal lesions.

Objective To investigate the effects of cell proliferation and apoptasis on the develop-ment of gastric mucosal lesion in patients with primary pathological duodena-gastric reflux (DGR). Methods Gastroscopy, histologie examination of gastric mucosal biopsy and 24-hour intra-gastric bilirubin monitoring with Bilitec 2000 were performed in 58 patients with primary pathological DGR. Immunohisto-chemical staining was used to detect the expressions of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 proteins. Cell apoptosis in gastric mucesa was determined by TUNEL technique. Results The proliferating index (PI) and apoptosis index (AI) in patients with primary pathological DGR were significantly higher than those in control group (P< 0.05). The differences of PI and AI between high reflux group and low reflux group were significant (P< 0.05). The incidence difference of chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in gastric antrum between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). With lesion progressing from normal gastric mucosa, CSG, CAG to intestinal metaplasia (IM), PI and AI increased gradually and consistently. PI was still on the rise after dysplasia (Dys), but AI decreased. The positive expression rate of Ki-67 in Dys were significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05), so was that of Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Conclusion Cell proliferation and apoptesis may be one aspect of the main pathogenesis of gastric mucesa lesion and cell dysplasia in patients with primary pathological DGR. Over-expreasion of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 proteins in CAG, IM and Dys may play a key role in the development of gastric cancer.

Objective In order to know the influence factors about treatment compliance among patients with type 2 diabetes,and then offer certain positive reference for health education and prevention.Methods Selected 504 patients with type 2 diabetes among 4 hospitals in Guangzhou,interviewed them by self-designed questionnaire.The interview contents included patients' basic socio-demographic characteristics,treatment compliance,diabetes knowledge,social supprot and self-efficacy,and then analyzed the datum about the interview.Results After adjusting for gender,disease course,patients' type,education level,and incoming level,multiple linear regression analysis indicated that drug treatment compliance was positively associated with age,subjective social support,objective social support and degree of support utilization.Lifestyle was positively associated with age,objective social support and degree of support utilization.Conclusions There are several factors associated with the treatment compliance of patients with type 2 diabetes,enhance paitents' self-efficacy and carry out health education are the keys to promote their treatment compliance.