Thyroid hormone analogues belong to a novel class of agents,which exert thyromimetic actions by selectively binding to thyroid hormone receptors,especially in the aspects of lipid lowering and calorigenesis.This review focuses on the research and application of selective thyroid hormone analogues in animal experiments and clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possibility that CdCl2 induces autophagy and apoptosis in HEK293 cells,and the role of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) and AKT proteins in autophagy. METHODS Green fluorescence protein(GFP)-light chain 3B(LC3B)expression plasmid was transfected into HEK293 cells. After 24 h,HEK293 cells were induced with CdCl2 2,4,8 and 10μmol·L-1 for 12 h. The expression of GFP-LC3B was detected by fluorescent microscopy. HEK293 cells were induced with CdCl2 2,4,8 and 10μmol · L-1 without transfection of GFP-LC3B for 12 h while autophagic vacuoles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰproteins and the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and AKT were analyzed by Western blotting. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry microscopy. HEK293 cells were treated with 3-MA 20μmol · L-1+CdCl2 10 μmol · L-1 for 12 h before cleaved caspase 3 protein was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS When HEK293 cells were exposed to CdCl2(≤10μmol · L-1)for 12 h,cytoplasmic GFP-LC3B punctuates were observed under the fluorescence microscope,and autophagic vacuoles were observed under an electron microscope. The expression of LC3B-Ⅱ/Ⅰ,p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT proteins was significantly increased in CdCl2-induced cells(P<0.05,P<0.01). Moreover,apoptosis was observed. The addition of 3-MA 20μmol · L-1+CdCl2 10μmol · L-1 enhanced apoptosis. Cleaved capase 3 protein expression was significantly increased(P<0.01). CONCLUSION CdCl2(≤10μmol·L-1)can induce autophagy in HEK293 cells. ERK1/2 and AKT proteins might be associated with the activation of autophagy that is accompanied by apoptosis,suggesting that autophagy can inhibit apoptosis at certain concentrations of CdCl2.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as the correlations between cognitive dysfunction and lesions of brain on MRI.Methods 70 patients with MS were tested with Wechsler Intelligence Scale and brain MRI.A multiple-regression analysis was carried out on the basis of related factors.Results The rate of the patients whose full intelligence quotient(FIQ) less than 90 scores was 40%(28/70), which was higher than that of normal group( P

Objective To investigate the relationship between positron emission tomography (PET) and cognitive dsyfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods 2 cases of MS were test with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WIS) or mini-mental state examination(MMSE), brain MRI and PET,then the results were analysed. Results The MMSE score of the case 1 was 19, which was lower than normal. The WIS score of the case 2 was normal. The PET of 2 patients showed that there were many hypo-metablism areas in cortex or subcortex.In addition,some cortical hypo-metablism areas of PET were not correspondingly found lesions in cortex or subcortex by MRI. Conclusions There are many hypo-metablism areas in cortex or subcortex in MS patients. The hypometablism areas may be correlated with the cognitive dysfunction of MS.

Objective To explore the relationship between family care and postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD) in patients undergoing spinal surgery.Methods Patients undergoing spinal surgery were questionnaired by Family APGAR Index and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 1 week after operation.They were divided into the POCD group and non-POCD group,and the scale of Family APGAR Index was compared between the two groups.Then the pearson correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to explore the effect of family care on POCD.Results ①35％ (35/100) patients undergoing spinal surgery sufferd POCD.②The partnership,affection,resolve and the total score of Family APGAR Index in the POCD group ((1.25 ± 0.45),(1.36 ± 0.41),(1.27 ± 0.42),(5.85 ± 1.30)) were significantly lower than that in the nonPOCD group((1.63 ± 0.56),(1.63 ± 0.52),(1.65 ± 0.51),(6.74 ± 1.56)) (P ＜ 0.05).③Pearson correla tion analysis showed that the MMSE was negatively correlated with the partnership,affection and resolve(r=-0.426,-0.382,-0.482,P ＜ 0.05).④Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the resolve,partnership,affection were the influence factor of POCD in patients undergoing spinal surgery.Conclusions The decline of family care can lead to POCD.

Objective To explore the effect of family cohesion and adaptability on coping with fatigue in patients suffered high paraplegia caused by cervical spine fracture.Methods 96 patients suffered high paraplegia caused by cervical spine fracture were questionnaired by family cohesion and adaptability scale and bricf fatiguc assessment scale after 1 week of operation.And they were divided into the fatigue group and non-fatigue group,the scores of family cohesion and adaptability were compared between the two groups,and thepearson correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis were used to explore the effect of family cohesion and adaptability on coping with fatigue.Results ①65.63％ (63/96) patients suffered coping with fatigue in high paraplegia patients caused by cervical spine fracture.②The scores of teal family cohesion and real family adaptability in the fatigue group were significantly lower than those in the non-fatigue group(P＜0.05) ; the scores of dissatisfaction of family cohesion and dissatisfaction of family adaptability in the fatigue group were significantly higher than those in the non-fatigue group(t=-2.630,-3.359,10.469,17.821,P＜ 0.05).③Pearson correlation analysis showed that the score of coping with fatigue was negatively correlated with the real family cohesion(r=-0.463,P=0.015) and real family adaptability(r=-0.486,P=0.021),and positively correlated with the score of dissatisfaction of family cohesion (r=0.395,P=0.036) and dissatisfaction of family adaptability (r=0.524,P=0.020).④Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the real family cohesion,real family adaptability,dissatisfaction of family cohesion and dissatisfaction of family adaptability were the influencing factors of coping with fatigue in patients suffered high paraplegia caused by cervical spine fracture.Conclusions Family cohesion and adaptability was correlated with the coping with fatigue in patients suffered high paraplegia caused by cervical spine fracture.

Humans ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy*

Objective To investigate the effect of chrysalis oil on blood glucose and oxidative stress in diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin (STZ).Method Sixty male SD rats were divided into 6 groups according to blood glucose:normal group,diabetic control group,high,medium,low dose (7.5,6.0,4.5ml/kg bw.) chrysalis oil groups and positive control group.Food and fluid intake were monitored every day.blood glucose and body weight were measured at each weekend,and at the end of experiment,glycosylated serum protein (GSP) was tested,and the effect of chrysalis oil on the content of malondialdehyde (MDA),reduced glutathione (GSH),total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in liver and pancreas were observed.Results (1) Diabetic symptoms were ameliorated and blood glucose and GSP were all lowered in therapeutic groups compared with diabetic control group,whereas,high dose chrysalis oil group had the same effect as positive control group.(2) In diabetic groups treated with chrysalis oil,the activity of GSH and T-AOC were significantly increased and the content of MDA decreased compared with diabetic control group.Conclusion Chrysalis oil could decrease blood glucose in a dose-and-effect relationship and improve antioxidant capacity.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of disinfection and isolation measures in a hospital that received and treated the first case of imported Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)in China.Methods The first MERS case in China was admitted in the negative pressure room of the intensive care unit in a hospital on May 28,2015,a series of disinfection and isolation measures were taken for controlling and preventing MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV)infection.Results One case of MERS confirmed by Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Pre-vention (CDC)and Chinese CDC were admitted in a hospital at 2:30 of May 28,2015,throat swabs and blood specimens of patients were detected as positive for MERS-CoV by real-time polymerase chain reaction.On the 3rd day,8th day,2 week after admission,and on June 21 ,throat swabs,blood,stool,and sputum specimen culture were negative respectively;before patient’s discharge,throat swabs,sputum,blood,and stool specimen culture were all negative for consecutive two times,there was no fever for 10 consecutive days,clinical symptoms were im-proved,patient finally recovered and was discharged on June 26.Detection of MERS-CoV were all negative for nasal swabs,throat swabs,and blood specimens from all health care workers (HCWs)participated in the treatment for MERS;all HCWs were performed physical examination from June 26 to July 10,none of them felt discomfort, there was no infection occurred among them.On the 7th,13th day of admission,and following terminal disinfec-tion,specimens of environment and object surface were taken and performed detection of MERS-CoV,all were negative.Conclusion Strict implementation of disinfection and isolation measures can effectively cut off the routes of MERS-CoV transmission and protect the safety of HCWs.

Objective To investigate the association of cognitive impairment with the brain structure changes in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods 70 patients with MS were tested with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale and brain MRI. Analysis was performed to the brain MRI in 50 patients and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 7 patients. Results The rate of the patients whose full intelligence quotient (FIQ) were less than 90 scores was 40% (28/70), which were higher than that of the normal group (P