Objective To study the role of interleukin-6(IL-6)in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and its clinical significance. Methods Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of IL-6 protein and mRNA in frozen prostatic adenocarcinoma,adjacent benign prostatic tissue,and prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP. The serum levels of IL-6 in patients with prostate cancer and healthy controls,and the supernatants of prostate cancer cell cultures were measured by using ELISA. Results The IL-6 protein levels in prostate cancer tissue and PC-3 cells were significantly higher than those in adjacent benign prostatic tissue and LNCaP cells. The serum IL-6 levels in the patients with prostate cancer were markedly higher than those in the healthy controls. The IL-6 levels in supernatants in PC-3 cells were notably higher than those in the LNCaP cells. Conclusion The IL-6 gene may act as an important regulator in prostate cancer progression and may be one of the causes of prostate cancer conversion from an initially androgen-dependent state into an androgen-independent state.

This study examined the differences in tumor formation of three bladder tumor cell lines (BIU-87, T24 and EJ) after subcutaneously transplanted into nude mice, in order to find the best technique for establishing in vivo bladder tumor model. BIU-87, T24 and EJ cells at logarithmic phase were re-suspended in serum-free medium. The cells suspensions of the identical concentration were subcutaneously transplanted into nude mice and then the success rate and tumor growth were compared among the three cell groups. The results of tumor formation were pathologically evaluated. Lung, liver and kidney tissues were also pathologically examined for distant metastasis. The proliferation of the three cells were determined by immunohistochemically detecting the PCNA expression in the tumors. The results showed that the success rates of EJ and T24 cells were significantly higher than that of BIU-87 cells and no distant metastasis was noted among the three groups. The proliferation levels of EJ and T24 cells was significantly higher than that of BIU-87. But at the later stage of tumor formation, as compared with T24 cells, EJ grew more vigorously, soon resulting in the central necrosis of tumor, which affected the measurement of the actual size of the tumors. Moreover, PCNA staining exhibited that the proliferation of EJ and T24 was significantly higher than that of BIU-87 cells. It is concluded that as compared with BIU-87 cells, EJ and T24 cells had higher success rates, with not significant differences in death rate and distant metastasis found among them. There existed no significant difference in tumor formation between EJ and T24 cells and T24 cells do not rupture easily, which makes it a better cell line for the establishment of in vivo bladder tumor model.

0.05). Course of type A was 7.61?5.80 months,and much longer than average course of all patients (7.56?5.95 months),P

Objective To summarize the experience of management of upper urinary tract calculi by Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) in our department in order to improve the gravel success rate and decrease the incidence of complications.Methods 15 019 patients with upper urinary calculi from October 1988 to September 2011 treated by ESWL with X-ray localization were analyzed retrospectively.The maximum diameter of the stones ranged from 0.8 cm to 3.2 cm,with 1 3 794 cases with maximum stone diameter less than 2 cm (guoup A),and with 1225 cases with maximum stone diameter more than 2 cm (guoup B).All patients had normal or nearly normal renal function,and 56.0％ patients (8 410/15 019)had varying degrees of hydronephrosis.Results The effective rate of first ESWL was 84.5％ ( 12 691/15 019) and the effective rate of second ESWL was 12.0％ (1 802/15 019),and 313 cases need a third ESWL.The clearance rate in group A was 90.2％ ( 12 443/13 794 ),in group B was 50.9％ (623/1225),and the overall stone clearance rate within three months was 87.0％ ( 13 066/15 019).The majority of patients ( about 93％ ) had postoperative gross hematuria,which disappeared after drinking lots of water.46cases (0.3％) of patients had postoperative fever,which returned to normal after usage of antibiotics.There were no serious complications such as kidney hematoma,continuous high fever,continuous hematuria,ureteral stones jams.Conclusions ESWL.with X-ray localization had the advantage of low energy,minor injury,easy localization,uniform stone fragment,because of which it could reduce the complications such as continuity fever,ureter stone james,continuious hematuria.ESWL with X-ray localization could be preferred treatment for upper urinary calculi with diameters between 10 to 20 mm.

Objective: To study the feasibility of closed and three-dimensional reconstruction of maxillary defects with titanium mesh and free forearm flap. Methods: Maxillary defects, 3 of type Ⅱ and 7 of type Ⅲ, due to tumor or trauma were closely reconstructed with titanium mesh to restore the profile of maxilla and with radial flap to close the oral and the nasal wound surfaces following total maxillectomy (in 3 cases) and subtotal maxillectomy(in 7 cases). Results: 10 cases were followed up for 3～18 months. All the flaps were alive. The maxilla nasal and oral cavity were restored in all the cases and denture was applied in 3 cases. No neoplasm were fond by CT. Mouth opening was 2.5～4.0cm. Epithelium on the surface of the titanium mesh was found by nasopharyngoscope in 2 cases. Conclusion: The closed and three-dimensional reconstruction of maxillary defect with titanium mesh and free forearm flap can restore the shape and the function of maxilla.

Betulinic acids are lupine-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins commonly found in some plants of Betulaceae family, especially in the bark of betula alba (birch). The potent anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities of betulinic acids have been greatly concerned. The natural betulinic acids include betulinic acid, 23-hydroxy betulinic acid, betulin and so on. Some investigations on the structural modifications of betulinic acids were carried out, and many derivatives with excellent biological activity have been obtained nowadays. In this paper, the research advances of the structural modification of betulinic acids, as well as their anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities are reviewed.

The association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in -174G/C and -634C/G of interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter region and prostate cancer was examined in the population of Han people in Hubei region. TaqMan PCR was employed for the gene-typing of -174G/C and -634C/G in promoter region of IL-6 gene to compare the prostate cancer patients and normal controls in terms of genotype frequency, allele frequency and risk of prostate cancer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the detection of IL-6 concentration in peripheral blood of the patients with prostate cancer and the relationship between the IL-6 level and the genotype was studied. Our results showed that in all the subjects, the genotype of genetic locus -174G/C was found to be GG and no CG and CC were observed. There was a significant difference in gene frequency of GG, CG and CC of -634C/G and allele frequency of G and C between prostate cancer patients and normal controls (P<0.05) and the gene frequency of GG+CG increased with the clinical stages and pathological grades of prostate cancer. The IL-6 level in GG+CG group was significantly higher than that in CC group. It was concluded that no SNP in -174G/C IL-6 promoter region was found in the population of Han people in Hubei region. The SNP in -634C/G was, to some extent, associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer. The population with GG+CG genetype has higher risk for prostate cancer.
Alleles ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Interleukin-6/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*genetics

This study examined the effect of silencing LRIG3 expression on the proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer T24 cells and explored the role of LRIG3 in the tumorigenesis of bladder cancer. Bladder cancer T24 cells were routinely cultured and pSilencer plasmids were employed to construct LRIG3 eukaryotic expression vector of LRIG3-siRNA, i.e., pSilencer-LRIG3-siRNA. After confirmation, the vector was transfected into HEK293 cells to make a replication-deficient adenovirus, pAd-LRIG3-siRNA, which was then introduced into bladder cancer T24 cells. RT-PCR, Western-blotting were performed to detect the levels of LRIG3 mRNA and proteins. Cells number was determined by using MTT test. Hoechst33258 staining, transmission microscopy, flow cytometery were conducted to examine the cell apoptosis. Three groups included a blank control group, a negative control group (containing non-interfering plasmids) and a pAd-LRIG3-siRNA group. Our results showed that the recombinant pAd-LRIG3-siRNA was successfully transfected into the bladder cancer T24 cells. The siRNA formed by the transcription of the recombinant plasmids resulted in significantly reduced expressions of LRIG3 gene and protein and significantly decreased cell proliferation and growth in the pAd-LRIG3-siRNA group as compared with the control group (P<0.01). The siRNA also caused apoptotic changes of some cells, with the apoptosis rate being (17.69±0.75)%, which was significantly different from that of the control group (P<0.01). It was concluded that recombinant pAd-LRIG3-siRNA plasmids could effectively decrease the expression of LRIG3 mRNA and proteins and, to some extent, inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of bladder cancer T24 cells. Silencing LRIG3 gene might be a novel alternative for the treatment of bladder cancer.

In order to study the pathogenesis, clinical and pathological characteristics of proliferative lesions of the bladder, 50 cases of proliferative lesions of the bladder from 150 patients with complaints of frequency, urgency, hematuria and dysuria were subjected to cystoscopic biopsy of the suspicious foci in the bladder. In combination with the symptoms, urine and urodynamics, the relationship of proliferative lesions of the bladder to the inflammation and obstruction of the lower urinary tract was analyzed. Of the 50 cases of proliferative bladder lesions, 44 cases (88%) had lower urinary tract infection and 29 (58%) lower urinary tract obstruction. The patients with lower urinary tract obstruction were all complicated with infection. Three cases were associated with transitional cell carcinoma. Malignant cells were detected in 1 case by urinary cytologic examination. Proliferative lesions of the bladder, especially those without other obvious mucosa changes under cystoscopy, are common histological variants of urothelium in the patients with chronic inflammation and obstruction of the lower urinary tract. Chronic inflammation and obstruction of the lower urinary tract might be the causes for proliferative lesions of the bladder. It is suggested that different treatments should be applied according to the scope and histological type of the proliferative lesions.
Cystitis/*complications ; Hyperplasia ; Mucous Membrane/pathology ; Precancerous Conditions/*pathology ; Urinary Bladder/*pathology ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/*etiology ; Urinary Bladder Diseases/pathology ; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/*complications ; Urination Disorders/complications ; Urodynamics/physiology

Objective To investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-28B gene polymorphisms (rs12979860 and rs8099917) and treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C in China.Methods Taqman probes single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping methods were used to detect the genotypes of rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) located at IL-28B gene in 105 included patients.The patients were treated with standard doses of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and were followed up regularly for therapeutic response and adverse reaction.The relationship between IL-28B gene polymorphism and antiviral treatment response of patients were analyzed.Categorical data were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test.Results Totally 105 cases were included in our study and 2 cases lost to follow-up because of moving away.Eight-one cases (78.6%) of the remaining 103 patients were CC/TT genotype (CC/TT group) at rs12979860 and rs8099917, 19 cases (18.4%) were CT/TG (CT/TG group) and 3 cases (2.9%)were TT/TG (TT/TG group).No other genotypes were detected and linkage disequilibrium was discovered at the two polymorphism loci (r2=0.11).After 4 weeks of treatment, 35 cases (43.2%) in CC/TT group, 3 cases (15.8%) in CT/TG group and non in TT/TG group achieved rapid virological response (RVR).There were statistically significant differences among three groups (P=0.033).After 12 weeks of treatment, 45 cases (55.6%) in CC/TT group, 6 cases (31.6%) in CT/TG group and none in TT/TG group achieved early virological response (EVR).There were statistically significant differences among three groups (P=0.025).At the end of the treatment, 68 cases (83.9%) in CC/TT group, 10 cases (52.6%) in CT/TG group and only 1 case (33.3%) in TT/TG group achieved end-of-treatment response (ETR).There were significant statistical differences among the three groups (P=0.003).After 24 weeks of follow-up, 62 cases (76.5%) in CC/TT group, 9 cases (47.4%) in CT/TG group and 1 case (33.3%) in TT/TG group achieved sustained virological response (SVR).There were statistically significant differences among the three groups (P=0.014).One hundred and one cases in CC/TT group developed adverse events, among them 19 cases needed clinical treatment.There were 43 cases in CT/TG group developed adverse events and 9 cases needed treatment.Seven cases in TT/TG group developed adverse events and only 1 case needed treatment.There were no statistically significant difference among three groups (χ2=0.139,P>0.05).Conclusions The genotype of rs12979860 (C/T) and rs8099917 (T/G) at IL-28B gene could affect the treatment response in patients with chronic hepatitis C.RVR and SVR are higher in patients with genotype CC/TT, which might help to guide HCV treatment.