THe insulin-like growth factor(IGF) system,a very important polypeptide growth hormone,has been found to have some relation with primary adrenocortical tumorigenesis and modulates its growth.This article reviews the general biological characteristics of IGF and the relations of the IGF system with the normal adrenal cortex and primary adrenocortical tumor.It also and discuss the clinical meaning of its possible presence in the primary adrenocortical tumor.

Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal black adenoma . Methods From June 2002 to July 2014, 7 patients with adrenal tumors were treated with retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial adrenalectomy in our hospital .During the operation all the patients were placed in healthy lateral decubitus position .Three trocars were introduced into the lumbar region:below the 12th rib along the anterior and posterior axillary lines , and 2 cm beyond superior iliac spine on the middle axillary line .The retroperitoneal space was established with homemade balloon-expanding devices .Afterwards , the tumors were removed by using a harmonic scalpel. Results All the tumors were resected completely .The average operation time was 60 min (range, 34-90 min) and the average blood loss in the operation was 70 ml (range, 20 -200 ml) without blood transfusion.The drainage tubes were removed on the 3rd or 4th postoperative day and the patients were discharged on the 6th or 7th postoperative day .They were pathologically diagnosed as adrenal black adenoma . Two patients manifested the Cushing ’ s syndrome and 3 patients showed hypertension , all of which were recovered to normal postoperatively .No recurrence or metastasis was noted during a follow-up for 12-24 months (mean, 18 months). Conclusions Adrenal black adenoma, without specific clinical features, is a rare kind of adrenocortical adenoma .The confirmative diagnosis depends on pathological results .Retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive, safe and effective technique for adrenal black adenoma , which provides favorable prognosis .

Objective To investigate the clinical incidence and influence of prostatic calculi on recalcitrant chronic abacterial prostatitis (CAP). Methods During August 2004 and March 2005, a total of 104 men with recalcitrant CAP refractory to multiple prior therapies were included in the study. Severity of symptoms in these patients was defined by the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI). The detection and volume measurement of prostatic calculi, and the measurement of prostate volume were performed by ultrasonography. Associations between severity of symptoms and prostatic calculi were assessed using SNK ?2 tests and Spearman correlation. Results Prostatic calculi were detected in 58 of the 104 men (55.8%), including type Ⅱ calculi (larger, coarser) in 31.7% of cases. Mean patient age was significantly older in men with type Ⅰ calculi (small, multiple) than with type Ⅱ calculi or without calculus (P

Objective To study the clinical application of a self-made needle-shaped ureteroscopic electrotome in the treatment of ureteral stricture. Methods Sixty-seven patients with ureteral stricture (24 cases of stricture after ureterlithotomy, 39 cases of ureteral polyp and 4 cases of congenital stricture) were operated on by using self-made needle-shaped electrotome under ureteroscope. Results The operating time was 10~30 min and the intraoperative blood loss was 5~20 ml. Follow-up for 3 months showed effective results in 53 cases (79 1%), improved in 10 cases (14 9%) and unresponsive in 4 (6 0%). No severe complications emerged. Conclusions Application of self-made needle-shaped ureteroscopic electrotome in the management of ureteral stricture gives simple performance.

Objective To study therapeutic effects of ureteroscopic treatment for ureteral stones after failed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Methods A total of 23 patients with ureteral stones received ureteroscopic treatment after the ESWL had failed. By using pneumatic lithotripter and self-made needle-shaped electrotome, stones were fragmented and removed, and polyps were resected. Results Two patients with stones fragmented but surrounded by granuloma tissue received a polyp resection and stone extraction.Pneumatic ballistic lithotripsy and stone removal was conducted in 16 patients with stones partly fragmented.In 4 patients with stones adherent to the ureteral wall and polyps,the polyps were removed by using self-made needle-shaped electrotome and the stones were fragmented and extracted.And in 1 patient with stones embedded beneath the ureteral mucous membrane, which was difficult to be expelled,the mucous membrane covering the stones was opened by using the needle-shaped electrotome and the stones were fragmeathed and extracted.The procedure duration was 30~55 min(mean,42 min).Re-examination 6 months postoperatively found no residual stones. Conclusions After the ESWL had failed, patients with ureteral stones can be treated ureteroscopically by using pneumatic lithotripsy and self-made needle-shaped electrotome.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the InVance bulbourethral sling for stress urinary incontinence in male patients.Methods Five male patients with incontinence after prostatectomy were treated with the perineal sling(InVance).The patients aged from 62 to 76 years(mean,67 years),and the history of the incontinence ranged from 2 to 6 years(average 4 years).Four of the cases were due to TURP,and one radical prostatectomy.All the cases had been failed to respond to conservative therapies.Before the procedures,urodynamic examination showed a mean abdominal leak point pressures(ALPP)at 25.5 cm H2O(20-32.5 cm H2O).Under spinal anesthesia,a 3-to 5-cm vertical incision was made between the scrotum and the anus with the patients at the lithotomy position to expose the right and left ischiopubic branches.We put the three screws with its sutures on each bone and fixed the sling.A cough test was performed systematically and ALPP was set over 60 cm H2O.Results The operation time was 50-85 min(mean,60 min)and intraoperative blood loss was 20-50 ml(average 30 ml).The catheter was removed at day 5 and none of the patients had urination difficulty.The cases were followed up for 6 to 24 months(mean,12.6 months),during which urodynamic examination showed an ALPP at 65 cm H2O(55-70 cm H2O).Among the patients,the 4 who had received TURP were cured,and the other one undergone radical prostatectomy was improved.Conclusions InVance bulbourethral sling is suitable for mild-to-middle urinary incontinence after prostatectomy.

Objective To summary our experiences on the clinical management of early complications caused by ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy. Methods From May 2002 to December 2007,totally 660 patients received ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy in our hospital,25 of them had surgical complications. Their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. Results Among the 25 cases,22 patients had ureteral perforation,2 had ureteral disruptions,and 1 showed pelvic hematoma owing to ureteral perforation and injury to the ovary vein. Of the 22 cases of ureteral perforation,13 patients received lithotripsy and placement of a double J stent into the renal pelvis via the perforation site;and 4 patients underwent repair of the ureter. The other 5 of the 22 cases refused open surgery,and showed symptoms of urinary extravasation,loin pain,fever,or hematuria postoperatively;PCN was successfully completed in 3 of them but failed in the other 2,who underwent open surgery afterwards. For the 2 patients with ureteral disruptions,ureteroureteral anastomosis was performed. And in the case of pelvic hematoma,we carried out open surgery to ligate the bleeding vessels. All of the 25 patients were cured and discharged from hospital prosperously. The double J stent was withdrawn in 2 months after the operation,and 1-year follow-up showed no ureteral stenosis or obstruction by intravenous pyelography. ConclusionsPrimary management of ureteral injury by indwelling double J stent or percutaneous nephrostomy results in significantly deceased rate of re-operation. Conversion to open surgery timely can stop the incidence of other severe complications.

Objective To investigate the effect of nephrostomy on the infections after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy.Methods From March 2007 to May 2008,100 patients with unilateral upper ureteral calculi complicated with hydronephrosis were divided into control and experiment groups according the patients number (50 cases in each). Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy was carried out in the control group,while in the experiment group,nephrostomy was performed two days prior to ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy. The clinical data including highest body temperature after the operation,recovery of body temperature,blood routine and urine routine,as well as hospital cost,were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with the control group,patients in the experiment group showed significantly lower highest temperature [(37.8?0.5) ℃ vs (38.6?0.5) ℃,t=-8.000,P=0.000],quicker recovery of body temperature [(1.6?0.2) d vs (2.8?0.4) d,t=-18.974,P=0.000],blood routine [(2.7?0.4) d vs (4.1?0.6) d,t=-13.728,P=0.000],and urine routine [(3.6?0.6) d vs (5.2?0.7) d,t=-12.271,P=0.000],as well as lower hospital cost [(8.6?1.5) thousand RMB vs (9.5?1.1) thousand RMB,t=-3.421,P=0.000]. Conclusion Nephrostomy shows positive effect on relieving infections after ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy.

Objective To report the experience in managing complex posterior urethral obliteration with dartos island skin flap. Methods 32 patients with complex posterior urethral obliteration were treated with dartos island skin flap substitution urethroplasty.Partial resection of the inferior pubic synphysis was needed to facilitate high proximal placement of the flap. Results The outcome was excellent in 31 (97%).Including subsequent procedures,the over all 3 months～7 years fllowup investigations were carried out in 27 patients.Urinary flow rates of more than 15 ml/s (for adults) and 8 ml (for children) could be achieved in 25 of 27 patients.Two patients with urinary flow decreased required further reconstruction.The hairy pouch formed within scrotal skin flap was noted in two patients. Conclusions Dartos island skin flap urethroplasty is a highly effective 1-stage method of reconstructing complex posterior urethral obliteration.

Objective To summarized the management of Fournier’s gangrene. Methods This series included 16 patients with Fournier’s gangrene (all male;mean age,51 years).Of them,13 cases had scrotal gangrene and 3 had dermal gangrene of penis.Bacterial culture was performed in 14 cases and 9 were positive.All the 16 patients underwent surgical treatment including incisions,aggressive debridement,drainage,irrigation,and antibiotic therapy;of them 4 patients received hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Results Thirteen patients underwent phase Ⅱ suture and recovered.Three patients died;of them 2 died of septicemia and 1 elderly patient who had earlier developed renal dysfunction died of multi-organ failure. Conclusions Mangement of Fournier’s gangrene primarily consists of early and aggressive debridement,administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics and sufficient local drainage if available,hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be used to promote the healing of tissue wound.