BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is substantially heritable, but specific susceptibility genes remain difficult to be identified. Therefore, it is necessary to explore hereditary markers first.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between schizophrenia and related vWA allele genes based on the analysis of microsatellite DNA vWA polymorphism.DESIGN: A case-controlled study with schizophrenic patients and randomly selected population as subjects.SETTING: Ward of Dalian Seventh People's Hospital and Molecular Biological Laboratory of Dalian Medical University.between March and July 2002 at Dalian Seventh People's Hospital which specializes in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia was diagnosed according to the diagnostic standard of the third edition of "the American Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Schizophrenic Diseases", and their clinical manifestations were predominantly negative signs. Altogether 123 normal blood samples were collected from random population at the Blood Center of Dalian Red Cross. They all denied psychological ailments and severe systematic diseases, and they had no kinship with each other.METHODS: Heparin anti-coagulation blood samples were collected and PCR compound amplification was carried out with the aid of PE Profiler plus system. Then the products were subjected to electrophoresis and gene detection with ABI310 type gene analysis system so as to calculate the frequency of allele genes; Hardy-Weinberg equation law was used to make coincidence test and linkage analysis of the theoretical frequency and actual one. Schizophrenic patients and random population were compared and relative risk was calculated with RR=Pd × (1-Pc)/Pc × (1-Pd) in order to assess the statistical significance (RR: relative risk; Pd: gene frequency of schizophrenia; Pc: gene frequency of random population). RR ＞ 1 was considered of higher susceptibility while RR ＜ 1 was considered of anti-susceptibility. In this way, we could find out vWA allele genes that had susceptible linkage or anti-linkage with schizophrenic related genes.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Major outcome: Correlation analysis of vWA allele genes in schizophrenic patients and random population. Secondary outcome: The coincidence of vWA allele gene frequency in patients with schizophrenia and random population with what was calculated by Hardy-Weinberg law.RESULTS: Data of the two groups were processed according to the objective and statistically analyzed.① vWA allele gene frequency in patients with schizophrenia and in random population was found to coincide with HardyWeinberg law(P ＞ 0.05).② The positive rate of vWA-14 in schizophrenic patients (17.2%) was obviously different from that in random population (33.3%) (RR=0.415, P=0.014). The positive rate of vWA-17 in schizophrenic patients (31.3%) was found to be significantly higher than that in random population (19.5%) (RR=1.866, P=0.043) while it did not differ significantly in other allele genes (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: The positive rate of vWA-14 was significantly lower in schizophrenic patients than in random population, indicating that vWA-14locus may be negatively selected in schizophrenia due to some reasons,which may be approximate to anti-schizophrenia genes. Moreover, the higher expression of vWA-17 in schizophrenic patients than in random population suggests that vWA-17 locus is correlated with schizophrenia,which may be approximate to schizophrenia-susceptibile genes.

Objective To explore the chiaical value of cerebral perfusion reduction after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)by multi spiral CT perfusion in rabbits.Methods 32 male Japanese big-ear rabbits of clean level were randomly divided into 2 groups:Group A(n =8),the normal group,were to obtain normal MS-CTP values of rabbit cerebrums;Group B(n =24),the SAH group was made into two-hemorrhage animal models,checked on seven day by multi spiral CT perfusion.The source data was transmitted to the post-processing workstation ADW 4.2.Perfusion parameters maps(CBF)of both sides of frontal,parietal and basal ganglia were got by computing.Each rabbit was killed immediately after scanning,and the spider blood was observed.Results The average CBF value of the two groups:The difference was not statistically significant at the frontal(t =1.740,P =0.092)and parietal(t =1.868,P =0.072); The average values of CBF were significantly decreased at the basal ganglia(t =2.481,P =0.019).Group B showed the distribution of blood clot in the basal cistern,but there was no blood clot at the frontal and parietal.Conclusion The monitor perfusion changes of rabbit brain after SAH could be detected by MS-CTP,and the lower of regional cerebral perfusion had a relationship with the distribution with the blood clot,and it could instruct the early diagnosis of cerebral perfusion,and the clinical benefit to early intervention treatment.

Purpose To study the reversal effect on multidrug resistance (MDR) by TNF-α gene combined with verapamil (VRP) or tamoxifen (TAM). Methods By using recombinant retrovirus vector, TNF-α gene was transfected into multidrug-resistant human breast cancer cell line MCF7/ADR. The TNF-α secreting cell clone MCF7/ADR-TNF was obtained by G418 screening. The integrating and secreting of TNF-α were analyzed by PCR and ELISA. MTT assay and formula"I = d/D1 + d/D2" were used to evaluate the reversal effect of multidmg resistance with TNF-α gene combined with verapamil or tamoxifen. ResultsThe level of TNF-α secreted by MCF7/ADR-TNF was 1 737 pg/ml (106cells/48 h). Compared with control,the resistance to ADR of MCF7/ADR-TNF was reversed by 1.6 times. The reversal effect produced by combination of TNF-α gene and VRP was antagonistic. The combination of TNF-α gene and TAM produced synergic effect (interaction index I = 0.64). ConclusionsTNF-α gene combined with TAM has synergic effect on reversing MDR.

Heteroclitin D (H.D) was successfully isolated from Kadsurae Caulis by using flash chromatography and recrystallized by methanol, 10.2 mg of H.D was obtained from 4.86 g of crude extract, and the purity determined by HPLC was 99.4%. The structure was identified by UV, IR, MS, and NMR analysis. The fast, simple and efficient method can be applied to the preparation of reference substance of H. D.

ObjectiveTo investigate the predictive value of heart rate turbulence(HRT) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).MethodsNinety-two AMI patients combined with DM (DM group) and 120 AMI patients without DM (non-DM group) were selected.Turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) were two indexes of HRT.HRT was considered positive when TO was ≥0 and TS was ≤2.5 ms/R-R.The differences in clinical data between HRT-positive and HRT-negative patients were compared.And the related risk factors after AMI were analyzed.ResultsAge,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) level,renal insufficiency,LVEF＜40％,standard deviation of sinus cardiac cycle (R-R interval)(SDNN),heart rate variability (HRV) positiveand HRT indexes (TO,TS) between HRT-positive and HRT-negative patients in DM group had significant differences (P ＜ 0.05 ).Age,LVEF level,SDNN and HRT indexes(TO,TS) between HRT-positive and HRT-negative patients in non-DM group had significant differences(P ＜ 0.05).Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that renal insufficiency (OR=4.8,95％ CI:1.8 - 10.7,P=0.008) and HRT positive (OR=3.7,95％ CI:1.5 - 8.6,P=0.070) in DM group had statistical significance.And HRT positive in non-DM group had statisticalsignificance(OR=23.0,95％ CI:5.2 ～ 86.0,P ＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionsHRT,an index of dynamic electrocardiogram,can predict the risk in patients with DM or without DM after AMI.

Objective To evaluate perfusion computed tomography in the assessment of portal vein pressure changes in an experimental dog model of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension.Methods The canine model of cirrhosis and portal hypertension was induced by portal vein stenosis with combination of systemic thioacetamide(TAA) feeding in drinking water.All of the Beagles in control group and cirrhotic group underwent hepatic perfusion on a spiral CT scanner.The parameters of hepatic perfusion were calculated by the method of deconvolution.The portal vein pressure was measured by a laparotomy surgery.Results ① In control group, the portal vein pressure was ( 14.5 ± 2.2) cm H2O, while it was (23.1 ± 2.8) cm H2O in PHT group, there was significant difference in the portal vein pressure between the two groups (P＜0.05).② The blood flow(BF) was (112 ±14) ml·100 g-1·min-1 in controls, while ( 96 ± 11) ml·100 g-1·min-1 in PHT group; the blood volume ( BV ) in control group and PHT group was (10 ±3) ml·100 g-1 and (11 ± 5) ml· 100 g-1, respectively; the mean transit time( MTT) was (7.1 ± 2.0) s and (10.4 ± 3.5) s, respectively; the hepatic arterial fraction (HAF) was ( 24 ± 5) % and ( 37 ± 6)% , respectively; the hepatic arterial perfusion (HAP) was(27 ±6) ml·100 g-1·min-1 and (35 ±5) ml·100 g-1·min-1, respectively; the portal venous perfusion (PVP) was (85 ± 13) ml·100 g-1·min-1 and (61 ±11) ml·100 g-1·min-1, respectively.There was significant difference in all parameters between the two groups except the parameter BV(P ＜ 0.05).③ In PHT group, the PVP and BF were negatively correlated with the portal vein pressure, while positively correlated with MTT and HAF.Portal vein pressure was negatively correlated with PVP, the equation, Y = 36.624 -0.219X, was deduced with linear regression analysis, by which the portal vein pressure in PHT Beagles was ( 23.2 ± 2.4) cm H2O, which was correlated with the observed by laparotomy value (23.1 ± 2.8) cm H2O (r = 0.843, P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion CT perfusion is a new non-invasive and effective method for assessment of portal vein pressure.

Objective To evaluate 1-week and 1-year outcomes of carotid artery stenting (CAS)using cerebral perfusion CT(PCT). Methods The clinical database of 20 patients with unilateral carotid artery stenosis( ≥60% ) who underwent CAS were retrospectively reviewed. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), relative cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and relative mean transit time( rMTT) were measured by using cerebral PCT within one week before CAS and at one week and at one year after CAS. Cerebral MRI was performed within one week before CAS. The noncontrast CT was performed within one week before CAS and immediately after CAS. The arteriography was performed at one year after CAS. The variance analysis was performed to determine whether there were significant differences of rCBV, rCBF, rMTT in anterior cerebral artery area( ACA area), middle cerebral artery area( MCA area), posterior cerebral artery area( PCA area),basal ganglia area, front and back cortical watershed area( CWS area) and internal watershed area( IWS area) among the different time points. Results In the three measures, there was no significant difference of rCBV in all areas among the three time points( P ＞ 0. 05 ) , and there was no significant difference of rCBF and rMTT in PCA area( P ＞ 0. 05 ), but there were significant differences of rCBF and rMTT in all other areas among the three time ponits(P ＜0. 01). In one week before CAS, at one week and at one year after CAS, rCBF of 20 patients is 0. 86 ±0. 06, 0. 95 ±0. 04, 0. 98 ±0. 07 in ACA area, 0. 81 ±0. 04, 1.06 ±0. 04, 1.03 ±0.07 in MCA area, 0. 84 ±0. 06, 0. 97 ±0. 04, 0. 96 ±0. 04 in basal ganglia, 0. 78 ±0. 03,0. 97 ±0. 03, 0. 96 ±0. 02 in front CWS area, 0. 77 ±0. 03, 1.00 ±0. 02, 0. 98 ±0. 03 in back CWS area,and 0. 80 ± 0. 04, 0. 94 ± 0. 03, 0. 93 ± 0. 04 in IWS area ( F = 18. 95, 146. 41,63.03,540. 85,415.97,164.19, P＜0. 01). rMTT is 1.17 ±0.05, 1.04±0.04, 1.01 ±0.06 in ACA area, 1.41±0.06, 1.08±0.04, 1.07±0.04 in MCA area, 1.20±0.06, 1.06±0.04, 1.05±0.04 in basal ganglia, 1.41 ±0.05,1.10 ±0. 05, 1.09 ±0. 04 in front CWS area, 1.43 ±0. 10, 1.07 ±0. 06, 1.08 ±0. 06 in back CWS area,1.29±0.10, 1.09 ±0.05, 1.11 ±0.07 in IWS area (F=51.74, 248. 89, 70.08, 381.68, 288.94,41.53, P ＜0. 01 ). There were significant differences of rCBF and rMTT between those measured one week before CAS and one week or one year after CAS ( P ＜ 0. 01 ), but there were no significant differences of rCBF or rMTT in any area measured between those at 1 week after CAS and those measured at 1 year after CAS(P＞0.05). Conclusions Hemodynamic outcome at one year after CAS is good in the absence of contralateral carotid artery steno-occlusive disease. In addition, the coherence of results between 1-week and 1-year indicates that the outcome of one week after CAS could predict long-term hemodynamic outcome.

Objective:To explore the present situation of medical students' professionalism cognition and provide reference for medical personnel training and medical education.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted on medical students among 2 affiliated hospitals of a medical university in H province by cluster sampling. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability and validity test were carried out and a descriptive analysis of the present situation of professionalism was conducted by SPSS 20.0. Amos21.0 software was used for a confirmatory factor analysis on the samples.Results:The measurement scale had good reliability and validity, and the Cronbach alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.901. The average professionalism score of the medical students was about 80 points. The score of "physical and mental status and self-development ability" was the highest (83.65 points), and the lowest score was "academic ability" (72.21 points). There was a little difference in the professionalism cognition between the two hospitals, with significant differences between the dimension "respect and care" and "responsibility".Conclusion:This study has initially formed a medical professionalism measurement scale with good reliability and validity. The professionalism of medical students in the 2 affiliated hospitals of a medical school in Province H is in good condition as a whole. In the future, medical education should pay more attention to the combination of basic professional knowledge and clinical practice of medical students, and change the training model of medical students in order to improve the academic ability of medical students and medical students' overall cognition of professionalism.

Objective To analyze the features of cervical vertebra X-ray examination and transcranial Doppler (TCD) in children with cervical vertigo, and investigate the mechanism of the disease. Methods X-ray examination of cervical vertebra and TCD were performed on 80 children with cervical vertigo, and the features of the results were analyzed. Results The abnormal results of cervical X-ray examination mainly showed atlantoaxial joint or/and C2, C3 vertebral joint disorders, some of which combined with cervical instability, cervical curvaturestraightened and even reverse curvature, cervical scoliosis. The abnormal results of TCD showed the blood flow velocity in single or multiple branch of artery increased mainly, some of which decreased or became asymmetrial. Conclusion The cervical vertigo in children may result from various kinds of disorders of the atlas, axis or/and C2, C3 vertebrae.

Objective To investigate the value of permeability surface (PS) in predicting hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in acute ischernic stroke (AIS) using CT peffusion (CTP).Methods The study included 31 consecutive patients who presented symptoms suggestive of an AIS for 3-9 h. All patients underwent CT examination (noncontrast CT,CTP).HT was determined by follow-up CT images.According to presence of HT,the AIS was divided into HT group (PSHT,11 patients) and non-HT group(PSNo-HT,20 patients).PS,cerebral blood flow (CBF),cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) on both sides of brains were measured.The relative PS(rPS),relative CBF (rCBF),relative CBV(rCBV) and relative MTT(rMTT) were obtained by calculating the ratio of the values of bilateral regions.The rPS between PSHT and PSNo-HT was compared with an exact Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The rCBF,rCBV,rMTT and the PS of the ischemic side between PSHr and PSNo-HT were compared with independent-sample t test.Meanwhile,Spearman rank correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the CTP parameters and HT.ResultsThe PS value of ischemic side was (1.61±0.77) ml · min - 1 · 100 g-1 for the PSHT group,and the value was (0.91 ± 0.49) ml · min - 1 · 100 g- 1 for the PSNo-HT group.For the PSHT group,rPS,rCBF,rCBV,rMTT were 2.76 ±0.78,0.32 ±0.18,0.66 ±0.31,2.67 ±0.71,and for the PSNo-HT group,rPS,rCBF,rCBV,rMTT were 1.35 ±0.19,0.50±0.21,0.91 ±0.28,2.62 ± 1.31.Compared with PSNo-HT,PSHT had higher rPS and PS value,and there were significant statistical differences (U =0.000,t =3.070,P ＜0.01).But rCBF and rCBV values were lower in the PSHT group compared to the PSNo-HT group,and there were significant statistical differences (trCsF =2.343,trCBV =2.210,P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant statistical difference in rMTT between the two groups(t =0.118,P ＞ 0.05).Significant positive correlations were detected between the rPS and PS with HT(r=0.496,0.821,P ＜0.01).ConclusionsThe value of rPS is helpful in predicting HT in AIS.And it can be used as a predictor in determining clinical personalized treatment and thus reduce the incidence of adverse events.