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Objective To investigate the molecular epidemiology and infectious risk factors of linezolid-resistant Enterococci (LRE) isolates in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.Methods Thirteen LRE isolates were collected from 2011 to 2013 and confirmed by broth dilution susceptibility testing.The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of twelve antimicrobial agents were analyzed using Vitek 2 compact.The molecular epidemiology of LRE isolates was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the Diversilab.A casecontrol study was conducted for the analysis of risk factors, and Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the independent risk factors.Results All thirteen LRE isolates showed low-level resistance to linezolid, and most of these isolates were resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin.However, they had high sensitivity to penicillin, ampicillin and tigecycline.Sequence type 480 was predominant in the hospital, and three isolates (isolates 3, 4, and 5) from July to September 2013 were found to have the same ST, PFGE pattern and rep-PCR group, indicating the same resistance clone.Admission to intensive care unit (ICU), peripheral vascular disease, males, hypoalbuminaemia, enema and linezolid therapy were identified as significant risk factors for LRE infections.Among these factors, admission to ICU, enema and linezolid therapy were independent risk factors for the acquisition of LRE.Conclusions Thirteen LRE isolates collected in the hospital showed a multidrug-resistant phenotype, and a small-scale prevalence was detected from 2011 to 2013.Therefore, attention should be paid to monitor the LRE in the hospital to decrease the prevalence of LRE infections.

Escherichia coli AFP111 is a spontaneous mutant with mutations in the glucose specific phosphotransferase system (ptsG) in NZN111 (delta pflAB deltaldhA). In AFP111, conversion of xylose to succinic acid generates 1.67 molecule of ATP per xylose. However, the strain needs 2.67 molecule ATP for xylose metabolism. Therefore, AFP111 cannot use xylose due to insufficient ATP under anaerobic condition. Through an atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) jet, we got a mutant strain named DC111 that could use xylose under anaerobic condition in M9 medium to produce succinic acid. After 72 h, DC111 consumed 10.52 g/L xylose to produce 6.46 g/L succinic acid, and the yield was 0.78 mol/mol. Furthermore, the reaction catalyzed by the ATP-generating PEP-carboxykinase (PCK) was enhanced. The specific activity of PCK was 19.33-fold higher in DC111 than that in AFP111, which made the strain have enough ATP to converse xylose to succinic acid.
Atmosphere ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Industrial Microbiology ; Metabolic Engineering ; Mutation ; Plasma Gases ; pharmacology ; Succinic Acid ; metabolism ; Temperature ; Xylose ; metabolism

Escherichia coli BA002, in which the ldhA and pflB genes are deleted, cannot utilize glucose anaerobically due to the inability to regenerate NAD+. To restore glucose utilization, overexpression of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRTase) encoded by the pncB gene, a rate-limiting enzyme of NAD(H) synthesis pathway, resulted in a significant increase in cell mass and succinate production under anaerobic conditions. However, a high concentration of pyruvate was accumulated. Thus, co-expression of NAPRTase and the heterologous pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NZ9000 in recombinant E. coli BA016 was investigated. Results in 3 L fermentor showed that OD600 is 4.64 and BA016 consumed 35.00 g/L glucose and produced 25.09 g/L succinate after 112 h under anaerobic conditions. Overexpression of pncB and pyc in BA016, the accumulation of pyruvic acid was further decreased, and the formation of succinic acid was further increased.
Anaerobiosis ; Escherichia coli ; enzymology ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Genetic Engineering ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Industrial Microbiology ; Lactococcus lactis ; enzymology ; NAD ; metabolism ; Pentosyltransferases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Pyruvate Carboxylase ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Succinic Acid ; metabolism

Dizziness or vertigo is a common clinical symptom, and its underlying etiology is complex. Many clinicians are confused about its diagnosis and treatment. This article presents a case about chronic vestibular syndrome. And case appreciation and academic discussion are conducted by well-known domestic neurologists and otologists, so as to provide a good thinking model and basic ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of dizziness or vertigo, hoping to further improve the diagnosis and treatment level among clinicians.
Humans ; Dizziness/therapy* ; Vertigo/etiology* ; Vestibular Diseases/complications* ; Otolaryngologists

Aim To study and compare the pharmaco-kinetic parameters of roxithromycin under normoxic and hypoxic rats. Methods A highly effective and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry ( UPLC-MS/MS) method with posi-tive electrospray ionization source was successfully de-veloped and validated for quantification of roxithromy-cin in rat plasma. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the hypoxia and normoxic groups. Each rat obtained a single dose of roxithromycin with 10 mg · kg-1 via intragastric administration. The pharmacoki-netic parameter comparison between normoxic and hy-poxic groups was calculated by SPSS software using in-dependent sample t test method. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of roxithromycin between the normoxic and hypoxic rats were:the AUC(0-t) 7 576 and 3 761 μg·h·L-1 , MRT(0-t) 5. 6 and 7. 7 h, T1/2 3. 4 h and 3. 9 h, CL 1. 5 and 3. 0 L · h-1 · kg-2 , tmax3. 1 and 3. 4 h, Cmax 1 116 and 372 μg·L-1 , re-spectively. The levels of Cmax and AUC of roxithromy-cin in hypoxic rats were statistically lower than those in normoxic rats. Conclusion The exposure level of rox-ithromycin in hypoxic rats markedly decreased. Our re-sults may provide an important experimental basis to adjust the dosage for roxithromycin in hypoxic clinical practice.

Objective To investigate the immunoregulatory effect of Fasudil-modified macrophages on cell transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE) in a mouse model.Methods Fe-male C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 to establish the model of EAE.The encephalomyelitic mononuclear cells ( MNCs) were isolated from spleen of mice with EAE on day 9 after immunization and treated with or without Fasudil for 72 h in vitro.Several assays including the flow cytometry analysis, Griess reaction and ELISA were performed to analyze the M1 and M2 phenotypes of macrophages, the production of NO and the levels of cytokines, respectively.The cultured MNCs (5×107 cells) were resuspended in 500μl of PBS and transferred into na?ve C57BL/6 recipients via intraperitoneal injection.Two groups including the PBS-MNCs group and the Fasudil-MNCs group were set up.The body weights and clinical scores of the mice in each group were recorded in every other days after the induction of EAE in the recipients.Results The Fasudil treated MNCs affected the induction of EAE in adoptive cell transferred mice.The expression of CD16/32, iNOS and IL-12 on F4/80-macrophages were decreased, while the expression of CD206, CD23 and IL-10 on F4/80-macrophages were increased upon the treatment of Fasudil, indicating that Fasudil im-proved the differentiation of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotypes.Moreover, Fasudil inhibited the pro-duction of NO and enhanced the expression of Arginase-1.Conclusion Fasudil ameliorated the clinical se-verity of EAE in mice by promoting the transformation of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype.

Objective To verify and assess diagnostic value of noninvasive diagnostic model of liver fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) based on conventional laboratory markers.Methods Seventythree patients with PBC diagnosed by liver biopsy between January 2003 and June 2011 in Beijing Friendship Hospital,Capital Medical University were recruited in this study.Correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis between the conventional laboratory markers and histology stages were assessed.A liver fibrosis diagnostic model was established based upon aforementioned biomarkers and verified by its sensitivity and specificity for predicting the liver fibrosis.Results The predictive model ( H index) consisting of five conventional laboratory markers,i.e.,platelet count,serum cholinesterase,albumin,HDL-C and prothrombin time activity,could predict advanced fibrosis ( stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ ) with an AUCROC of 0.861.The sensitivity of predicting the absence of advanced fibrosis using H index ＜ - 2.20 was 96.6％ and the specificity of predicting the presence of advanced fibrosis using H index ＞ 0.41 was 93.2％.Conclusion The established noninvasive diagnostic model consisting of five laboratory markers could accurately distinguish pathological changes of early stage PBC ( stages Ⅰ - Ⅱ ) from advanced stage PBC ( stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ).

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of different detecting technologies in antinuclear an-tibody(ANA)in autoimmune diseases(AID).Methods A total of 52 cases of patients with systemic lupus er-ythematosus(SLE),97cases of patients with AID but without SLE,92 cases of patients without immune disea-ses were collected in this study.ANA was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),indirect immunofluorescence(IIFA)method and linear western blot method(LIA).Results Average coincidence rate between ELISA and IIFA method to detect the ANA was 78.8% in the three groups of participants.The re-sult of ANA detected by ELISA method was positively correlated with that of IIFA method(r=0.598,P<0.05).They found that patients with AID and without AID groups both existed the phenomenon of IIFA ANA+LIA ANA -,their fluorescence titers were given priority to with 1:100.Their fluorescence modes were given priority to with granularity in both AID group(67.44%)and without AID group(54.69%),there was no difference between the two groups(P>0.05),but they were significantly higher than that of other flu-orescence modes.At the same time,the study found that patients with IIFA ANA -LIA ANA+were mostly AID patients(73.3%),the ratio was higher than without AID group,among these patients,AID patients were with SSA/Ro60,SSA/Ro52,SSB/La as the main positive autoantibodies,rather than without AID patients with anti-Sm,SSA/Ro52,SSB/La,CenpB as the main positive antibodies.Conclusion It should pay attention to multi-index joint and multi-tests detection when we diagnose autoimmune diseases.

China ; Cities ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Schools ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; Students