Autophagy is a vacuolar process of cytoplasmic degradation by lysosomes which ubiquitously occur in all eukaryotic cells.Heightened autophagy is a mechanism of resistance for cancer cells faced with metabolic and therapeutic stress,revealing opportunities for exploitation as a therapeutic target in cancer treament.This article reviews the mechanism of autophagy in cancer and its role for cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND:Increasing studies have found that, percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement are characterized by few traumas, few bleeding, simple operation, rapid recovery, rapid pain relief, and effective efficacy. However, tumor recurrence, symptom improvement, bone cement leakage and other complications make people controversial. OBJECTIVE: To explore and summarize clinical outcomes and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement for treating symptomatic vertebral hemangioma. METHODS:Fifty-two cases patients of symptomatic vertebral hemangioma (including 21 male and 31 female, aged 16-63 years) were treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement. The lesions were found at T5-T12 in 36 cases and at L1-L3 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Al 52 patients were folowed up for at least 6 months after the operation. The Visual Analogue Scale and Oswestry Disability Index were significantly increased at 1 day, 3 weeks and 6 months post-surgery, when compared to before surgery (P< 0.05); the modified Macnab evaluation was excelent in 40 cases, good in 7 cases, fair in 3 cases, and poor in 2 cases, and the excelent and good rate was 90%. Only one patient had recurrence at 6 months after surgery and one patient had the leakage of bone cement. No other complications were found. Percutaneous vertebroplasty and bone cement could effectively cure vertebral hemangioma and relieve the pain, which is a safe treatment. in 16 cases. Clinical outcomes such as Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry Disability Index and modified Macnab criteria, as wel as complication before and after surgery were evaluated.

Objective To compare the clinical effect and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty between unipedicular and bipedicular approach for patients with osteoporosis vertebral compressive fractures. Methods A retrospective study was carried out on 147 patients with single osteoporotic vertebral compressive fractures from 2008 to 2014. Ninety-five cases were treated by PVP via a unipedicular approach (unipedicular group) and 52 cases were treated by the bipedicular approach (bipedicular group). The operation time, Cobb, frequency of X-ray exposure,complications like bone cement and postoperative VAS score were compared. Results No significant differences on the VAS score, cobb and complications were found (P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences on the operation time and X-ray exposure frequency (P<0.05). Conclusions No significant differences on clinical effects were found between the unipedicular and the bipedicular approach to percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporosis vertebral compressive fractures. However, the unipedicular approach can shorten the operation time and reduce X-ray exposure.

Objective:This study aims to compare the difference in the expression levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), vascular endotheli-al growth factor (VEGF), and the clinicopathological features among gastric carcinoma patients with and without hyperlipidemia and to assess whether hyperlipidemia promotes gastric carcinoma progression. Methods:We analyzed the PGE2 and VEGF serum levels and the VEGF expression in gastric carcinoma tissues in 102 gastric carcinoma patients. The PGE2 and VEGF serum levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the VEGF expression in gastric carcinoma tissues was detected by SABC immunohistochemi-cal staining. Results:Among the 102 gastric carcinoma patients, 49 patients had hyperlipidemia, and 53 did not have the condition. The PGE2 and VEGF expressions in the serum and the VEGF expression in gastric carcinoma tissues were higher in hyperlipidemic pa-tients than in those without hyperlipidemia (P<0.05). The degrees of differentiation, depths of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and TNM staging in the two groups also showed statistical differences (P<0.05). Conclusion:Hyperlipidemia possibly contributes to the pro-gression of gastric carcinoma by upregulating the PGE2 and VEGF expressions.

Aim To study on biological properties and hemopoiesis-supporting function of human bone marrow stromal cells cultured for long-term in vitro. Methods ① Bone marrow stromal cells from fetus, chidren and adults were cultured for long-time in vitro by static adherent wall assay. ② The phenotypes of the stromal cells were analyzed by immunocytochemical staining or FACA.③ Hemopoietic stem cells in umbilical cord blood were co-cultured and expanded with the stromal cells at different development stages. Results ① The fibroblast myoid cell lines were established and could be propagated to 10 generations and kept for 6 months, meantime, endothelial cells and macrophoges were obtained. ② The child stromal myoid cells were positive for viementin and negative for VIII factor by immunocytochemical staining and their phenotypes were CD33-,CD34-,CD38-and CDW90＋ , while the phenotypes of adult stromal cells were CD33-, CD34-, CD38＋ and CDW90＋ . ③ The stromal cellls could support long-time survival or expansion of LTC-ICs. Survival time of LTC-ICs in the stromal cell-supporting system supplemented with SCF, IL-3 and IL-6 was even longer than that in system without stromal cells(P∨ 0.01). The productivity rate of LTC-ICs cultured in the stromal cell-supporting system was 2 to 4 times higher than that cultured in system without stromal cells. Conclusion The human bone marrow stromal cells could be cultured for long-time in vitro and have hemopoiesis-supp ortingfunction for the hemopoietic stem cells in cord blood.

Purpose: To investigate the mechanism of acupuncture treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods: Acupuncture therapy was used to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and compared with oral calcium antagonist and vitamin therapy by random control observation.Electromyography was performed for analysis at the same time. Results: Acupuncture treatment alleviated symptoms such as extremity numbness, pain and paresthesia in varying degrees in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. The results of electromyography showed a marked improvement in motor and sensory conduction velocities. Conclusion: It is indicated that acupuncture therapy is markedly superior to oral calcium antagonist and vitamin therapy in clinical effect on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and electromyographic recovery.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the corrosion resistant properties of titanium samples prepared by anodic oxidation with different surface morphologies.

METHODSPure titanium substrates were treated by anodic oxidation to obtain porous titanium films in micron, submicron, and micron-submicron scales. The surface morphologies, coating cross-sectional morphologies, crystalline structures, and surface roughness of these samples were characterized. Electrochemical technique was used to measure the corrosion potential (Ecorr), current density of corrosion (Icorr), and polarization resistance (Rp) of these samples in a simulated body fluid.

RESULTSPure titanium could be modified to exhibit different surface morphologies by the anodic oxidation technique. The Tafel curve results showed that the technique can improve the corrosion resistance of pure titanium. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance varied with different surface morphologies. The submicron porous surface sample demonstrated the best corrosion resistance, with maximal Ecorr and Rp and minimal Icorr.

CONCLUSIONAnodic oxidation technology can improve the corrosion resistance of pure titanium in a simulated body fluid. The submicron porous surface sample exhibited the best corrosion resistance because of its small surface area and thick barrier layer.

Objective:To evaluate the immunogenicity of recombinant factor H binding protein(fHBP) by detecting serum antibody titer and serum bactericidal antibody test (SBA).Methods:fHBP sequence was selected and synthesized, connected to plasmid pET43.1a, transformed to Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and expressed two recombinant fHBP proteins, included two subfamilies, fHBPA and fHBPB. After purification, the recombinant fHBP proteins were immunized to rabbits and mice. The immune antiserum titer and the bactericidal titer to epidemic strains of meningococcal bacteria group B were measured by ELISA and SBA respectively. Results:The antiserum titer of fHBP immunized rabbits was greater than 2.0×10 6, and that of immunized mice was not less than 1.0×10 6. fHBP immunized rabbit serum had bactericidal titer more than 1∶128 to 41 strains A subfamily and 20 strains B subfamily in the SBA against 69 endemic strains, and there was no cross-protection between the subfamily bacteria. The bactericidal titers of mouse serum immunized fHBPA to strains A subfamily such as Nm210902 Nm211009、Nm450522 were 1∶1 024, 1∶608、1∶861, to Nm510703、Nm311304、Nm431002 were 1∶234、1∶861、1∶430 respectively, and mouse serum immunized fHBP B to strains B subfamily Nm311302、Nm311304、Nm431002 were 1∶876、1∶274、1∶1858, all of three strains were positive in bactericidal titers. Conclusions:the titer of fHBP antiserum was higher than 1.0×10 6, the bactericidal titer was no less than 1∶128 to 61 epidemic strains, and it has a 94.2% protective effect on 69 meningococcal epidemic strains group B.

Objective To evaluate the defecation function of patients with low rectal cancer after laparoscopic-assisted transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME),and analyze the influencing factors.Methods The retrospective case-control study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 55 patients with low rectal cancer who underwent laparoscopic-assisted TaTME in the First Hospital of Jilin University from May 2017 to December 2018 were collected.There were 39 males and 16 females,aged (60-± 11) years,with a range from 24 to 80 years.Among the 55 patients,21 were in TNM stage Ⅰ,14 were in TNM stage Ⅱ,and 20 were in TNM stage Ⅲ;24 were in pathological stage T1-2 and 31 were in pathological stage T3.Observation indicators:(1) surgical and postoperative conditions;(2) follow-up;(3) analysis of influencing factors for postoperative defecation function.Follow-up was performed using questionnaires by telephone interview to detect the complications at 3 and 6 months after surgery up to June 2019.The measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as Mean± SD,and comparison between groups was done using the t test.Count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percentages,and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression models.Results (1) Surgical and postoperative conditions:55 patients successfully underwent laparoscopic-assisted TaTME without conversion to open surgery.The operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss,diameter of postoperative pathological specimen,time to urinary catheter removal,distance between the anastomostic stoma and anal verge,and tumor diameter were (246±62) minutes,(69±27) mL,(3.5±0.7) cm,(2.1±0.9) days,(2.4±0.5) cm,and (3.9-± 1.6)cm,respectively.(2) Follow-up:55 patients were followed up at 3 months and 6 months after surgery,and the low anterior resection syndrome questionnaires were completed.Among the 55 patients,35 had low anterior resection syndrome at 3 months after surgery,and 24 had low anterior resection syndrome at 6 months after surgery,showing a significant difference (x2 =4.42,P＜0.05).There was no new onset low anterior resection syndrome in 55 patients after 3 months.(3) Analysis of influencing factors for defecation function:univariate analysis showed that the distance between the anastomotic stoma and anal verge and tumor diameter were influencing factors affecting defecation function of patients at 3 months after surgery (x2 =19.075,8.185,P＜ 0.05).The distance between the anastomotic stoma and anal verge was a influencing factor affecting the defecation function of patients at 6 months after surgery (x2=9.183,P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that the distance between the anastomotic stoma and anal verge ＜ 2 cm,and tumor diameter ＞5 cm were independent risk factors affecting the defecation function of patients at 3 months after surgery (odds ratio =1.135,6.057,95％ confidence interval:1.089-1.323,1.206-30.435,P＜0.05).The distance between the anastomotic stoma and anal verge ＜ 2 cm was an independent risk factor affecting the defecation function of patients at 6 months after surgery (odds ratio =2.724,95％ confidence interval:1.982-3.066,P＜0.05).Conclusions The incidence of low anterior resection syndrome after laparoscopic-assisted TaTME for low rectal cancer is high.Distance between the anastomotic stoma and anal verge and tumor diameter are independent risk factors for the postoperative defecation founction.

Objective: To investigate the association of parental knowledge and skills in myopia prevention and control with healthy eye behavior in primary school children, so as to provide a basis for accurate family education. Methods: A total of 4 979 students in grades 1-5 from eight elementary schools in Pudong New Area were sampled between October and December in 2022 by using a stratified cluster sampling method. A self administered questionnaire was used to assess healthy eye behavior in primary school children and parental knowledge and skills in myopia prevention and control. The Chi squared test, independent samples t-test and Logistic regression were used to analyse the association between parental knowledge and skills in myopia prevention and control and healthy eye behaviour in primary school children. Results: Parents of primary school children with a high level of knowledge and skills in myopia prevention and control were 50.97% and 56.36%, respectively. The knowlegde entry scores for parents of lower and middle elementary school students were higher than those of parents of upper primary students with respect to their understanding, on the main causes of myopia in their children, the correct knowledge of myopia prevention and control, the role of family members in helping each other to manage and treat myopia in their children and the parents responsibility to teach their children to use their eyes correctly and scientifically (3.05±1.21, 2.97±1.20; 5.92±0.68, 5.83±0.86; 4.46±0.88, 4.40±0.93; 3.88±1.04, 3.72±1.07); all differences were statistically significant (t=2.04, 3.39, 2.00, 4.87, P<0.05). The differences in the scores of parents of primary school children in different grades for all items were statistically significant (t=2.93-7.31, P<0.05) in the skill entries. Parental knowledge levels were poor for items of full scores that assessed the following: knowing the main causes of their childrens myopia, awareness of the correct knowledge of myopia prevention and control measures, awareness of Comprehensive Prevention and Control Strategy for Children and Adolescents with Myopia, and concerning that their childrens future education and employment will be affected by myopia, understanding the responsibility of parents for guiding children to use their eyes scientifically and correctly, with 12.71%, 22.90%, 19.30%, 21.83% and 22.47% respectively. Parental skills were poor for items of full scores that assessed the following:reminding their children to rest their eyes when doing homework, reading or writing, deliberately avoiding mobile phone use when spending time with their children, the number of times which taking children to the hospital for refractive screening in the past year, and giving their children extra learning tasks, with 33.26%, 15.12%, 9.00% and 5.36% respectively. Compared to parental knowledge in myopia prevention and control, parental skills had a more pronounced effect on the four dimensions of healthy eye behavior (reading and writing, screen time, outdoor activities, and sleep duration) among students in different grades (OR=1.41-3.37, P<0.05). Conclusions Parental knowledge and skills in myopia prevention and control are still insafficient, associated with healthy eye behavior in primary school children. There is a need to strengthen accurate health education for parents on the prevention and control of myopia, to cultivate healthy eye behaviour among primary school students and reduce the incidence of myopia among them.