Objective To investigate the effects of acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHH) with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 on intestinal mucosal barrier in a rat model of sepsis.Methods Thirty healthy New Zealand rabbits of both sexes weighing 2.0-3.0 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10 each):group I sham operation; group II sepsis and group III AHH+sepsis.Sepsis was produced by modified colon ascendens stent peritonitis(CASP).At 4 h after CASP group III meceived HES 130/0.4 20 ml/kg iv at a rate of 20 ml/min.The MAP and HR were monitored and recorded at 4 h (before AHH) and 5,6,7,8 h after CASP.Blood samples were taken from carotid artery and superior mesenterie vein (SMV) at 4 h and 8 h after CASP for blood gas analysis and determination of plasma D-lactate concentration and intestinal oxygen extraction ratio.The rabbits were sacrificed at 8 h after CASP and a segment of ileum of 3 cm in length,5 cm from ileocecal valve,was removed for determination of wet/dry ileum weight ratio and microscopic examination.The degree of damage to intestinal mucous membrane was scored according to Chiu score (0=normal,5=severe damage).Results Sepsis-induced hypotension and metabolic acidosis,increased plasma D-lactate concentration,decreased intestinal oxygen extraction ratio,increased wet/dry ileum weight ratio and Chiu score in group II as compared with group I.AHH with HES 130/0.4 20 ml/kg significantly attenuated the scpsis-induced changes in group III.Conclusion AHH with HES 130/0.4 can attenuate damage to intestinal mucosal barrier produced by sepsis.

Objective To investigate the effects of 3 different delivery methods on maternal and fetal complications during labor and determine better mode of delivery. Methods Sixty pregnant women with ASA class Ⅰ or Ⅱ were randomly divided into three groups with 20 cases each: the cesarean section group (group Ⅰ), the pain relief group (group Ⅱ) and normal delivery group (group Ⅲ). In group Ⅰ and Ⅱ, an epidural catheter was placed through L_(2-3) interval. 0.5% ropivacaine was injected via the epidural catheter for continuous epidural anesthesia in group Ⅰ. After a loading dose of 8-10 mL 0.125% ropivacaine+2 μg/mL fentany, the patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) during labor was started with bolus 5 mL, lockout interval 20 min and back ground infusion rate 6-8 mL/h in group Ⅱ. The level of block was controlled below T_(10). BP, HR and RR were continuously monitored during labor. Blood samples were taken from umbilical vein at delivery for blood gas analysis and determination of lactate concentration. Neonates were assessed by Apgar score and neurological and adaptive capacity score (NACS). Maternal postoperative complications were recorded. Results There was no statistical differences in plasma pH, PCO_2, PO_2, SO_2, Apgar score and NACS among 3 groups. The umbilical vein blood lactate concentration was significantly increased in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ compared to the group Ⅰ, while blood lactate concentration in group Ⅱ was lower than that in the group Ⅲ (P<0.05). Base excess (BE) was significantly higher in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅰ. Compared with group Ⅱ and Ⅲ, maternal postoperative complications such as urinary retention, postpartum hemorrhage and so on were increased significantly in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). PCEA provided satisfactory effect in group Ⅱ. Conclusions Epidural labor analgesia with 0.125% ropivacaine+2 μg/mL fentany can provide comparative and effective analgesia for pain relief during labor without adverse effects on the mothers and fetuses and may reduce the postoperative complications. It is a safer and more effective technique in pain relief during labor.

Objective:To detect differentiallyexpressed microRNAs (miRNAs)in plasma of schizophrenia and explore biomarker for diagnosis of schizophrenia.Methods:The discovery cohort tincluded 6 patients with schizophrenia meeting diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor-der,Fourth Edition (DSM-IV),as well as 6 healthy control subjects,whose age and gender were matched to pa-tients.The expression of 754 miRNAs (Sanger human miRBase v14)in the discovery cohort was investigated by Taqman Array (Human MicroRNA A +B Cards Set v3.0).Then the quantitative reverse-transcription polymor-phism chain reaction (qRT-PCR)assay was conducted to validate differentially expressed miRNAs in an independ-ent replication cohort,which included 25 schizophrenia patients and 18 healthy control subjects.The student's t-tests were used to analyze the differential expression of miRNA between schizophrenia patients and controls.All analyses were performed in Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM)software.Results:Twenty down-regulated miRNAs were observed in discovery cohort.Four miRNAs,hsa-miR-15b-5p were down-regulated in both discovery and rep-licated cohorts.Conclusion:The present study suggests that aberrant expression of miRNA might be of potential im-portance as biomarkers in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Objective To investigate the effects of acute hypervolemic hemodilution (AHH) on cerebral O2 supply/consumption and energy metabolism in patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia combined with continuous epidural block. Methods Fourteen ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes (9 male, 5 female) aged 44-62 yrs weighing 55-70 kg undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia combined with epidural block were enrolled in this study. Lactated Ringer's solution 6-8 ml?kg-1 was infused before anesthesia. After correct placement of epidural catheter was confirmed radial artery was cannulated for BP monitoring and blood sampling. BP, EGG, SpO2 and PET CO2 were continuously monitored during anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced with fentanyl, midazolam, propofol and rocuronium and maintained with iaoflurane and intermittent i. v. boluses of vecuronium. The patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated. PET CO2 was maintained at 30-35 mm Hg. Epidural block was produced by a mixture of 1.33 % lidocaine + 0.167 % dicaine. Right internal jugular vein was retrogradely cannulated and advanced cephalad until jugular bulb for blood sampling. AHH was conducted by infusing 6% HES 20 ml?kg-1 at 50 ml?min-1 after induction of general anesthesia. Blood samples were taken from artery (a) and jugular venous bulb (jv) simultaneously before AHH (T0) at 15 min (T1) and 120 min (T2) after AHH was accomplished for blood gas analysis and determination of Hb, glucose and lactate concentrations. Cerebral O2 extraction rate (CERO2), glucose extraction rate (CMRglu) , arterial-jugular bulb venous O2 content difference (D a-jvO2) and arterial-jugular bulb venous lactate difference (VADL) were calculated. Results At the end of AHH Hct and Hb decreased by 20% as compared to the baseline values before AHH. S jvO2 was significantly higher, D a-jvO2 smaller and CERO2 lower at T1 than at T0. There were no significant differences in BP, HR, CMRglu and VADL at all time points. Conclusion AHH can increase cerebral O2 supply and has no significant effect on cerebral glucose metabolism during operation performed under general anesthesia combined with epidural block.

Objective To compare the effects of different modes of delivery on arterial oxygen saturation in the fetus.Methods One hundred and twenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ parturients aged 22-32 yr with a single fetus at full term lying in normal headdown position were divided into 3 groups according to the modes of delivery (n =40 each):group cesarean section (group CS) ; group labor analgesia (group LA) and group spontaneous labor (group SL).In group CS cesarean section was performed under epidural anesthesia with 0.5％ ropivacaine.Epidural catheter was placed at L2,3 interspace in groups CS and LA.In group LA labor analgesia was started from the first stage and maintained until complete cervical dilatation.The patients received epidural PCA (PCEA) with O.125 ％ropivacaine plus fentanyl 2 μg/ml.PCEA setting was as follows:a loading dose of 8-10 ml; demand bolus 5 ml;20 min lockout; background infusion 6-10 ml/h.Blood samples were taken from umbilical artery at delivery for blood gas analysis and determination of serum concentrations of lactate,β-endorphin (β-EP) and neuropeptide Y (NP-Y).Apgar score and neurological and adaptive capacity score (NACS) were recorded.Results There was no significant difference in Apgar score,NACS and NP-Y and β-EP concentrations in umbilical arterial blood among the 3 groups.The lactate concentration and the absolute value of BE were significantly higher while pH was lower in group SL than in groups CS and LA.PO2 was significantly higher while PCO2 was lower in group LA than in groups SL and CS,and the lactate concentration and absolute value of BE were significantly lower while pH was higher in group LA than in group SL.Conclusion The 3 modes of delivery have significant effects on arterial oxygenation in fetus but have no clinical significance.

Objective To compare the time-course of relaxant effect of rocuronium between patients with ocular and generalized myasthenia gravis (MG).Methods Twenty-seven ASA physical status I or Ⅱ patients with MG of both sexes,aged 12-64 yr,with body mass index of 17-26 kg/m2,scheduled for elective extended thymectomy,were divided into 2 groups according to Osserman stage:ocular group (group O,n =10) and generalized group (group G,n =17).Anesthesia was induced with iv injection of fentanyl 2 μg/kg,midazolam 0.05 mg/kg,and propofol 1.5 mg/kg.All patients were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated.Anesthesia was maintained with iv infusion of propofol 4-8 mg· kg-1 · h-1 and remifentanil 0.2 μg· kg-1 · min-1.Twitch tension was monitored in the adductor pollicis muscle by train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve (intensity 60 mA,interval 12 s,frequency 2 Hz,wave length 0.2 ms).Rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg was injected intravenously after calibration.Mean arterial pressure (MAP),HR,heart rate variability (HRV) and low frequency and high frequency (LF/HF) ratio was recorded.The onset time of muscle relaxation,time for T1 to recover to 25％,time for T1 to recover to 50％ and recovery index were recorded.Results Compared with the baseline value,there were no significant changes in MAP,HR,HRV,LF/HF ratio at all time points in the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with group O,there was no significant change in the onset time of muscle relaxation,and the time for T1 to recover to 25％,time for T1 to recover to 50％ and recovery index were significantly prolonged in group G (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The duration of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block is significantly longer in patients with generalized MG than those with ocular MG,while the onset time is comparable between the two groups.

Objectivo To analyze urine organic acids in the urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS)for diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases,especially for organic acids metabolic disorders.Methods 195 clinical urine samples from the patients with suspected organic acids metabolic disorders and 5 normal urine from adults were collected.After mixing some urine with intemal standards according to the concentration creatinine and adding hydroxylamine hydrochloride to mixture,the organic acids with hydroxyl group were oximated to the ketobodies.Organic acids were extracted twice with ethyl acetate and ethyl ether and derivatized with BSTFA-TMCS.An the organic acids were determined with Agilent GC/MS 6890/5973i with scan model.the mass-to-charge ratio range is 50-550 m/z,all data were nalyzed with Agilent GCMSD ChemStationG1701DA.We also investigated the linearity, accurate,precision.recovery and Carry-over by determining the internal standards in normal samples and positive organic acids in spiked control samples.Results More than one hundred kinds of organic acids in urine samples can be analyzed with this method.According to the two internal standards in normal urine samples,the minimal detection limit MMA and 2.PA was 2.5-2.8 μmol/L.Intra-and interassay coefficient of variation for MMA and 2-PA are both less than 10%.Pre-processing Interassay coefficient by sequential preparations of the same sample was 14%.The recoveries of the spiked samples were 95%-105%.Carryover analysis was less than 1%.All the parameters meet the requirement for clinical diagnosis.12 samples demonstrated positive including 6 cases of methylmalonic acidemia,1 case of propionic acidemia,3 cases of tyrosinemia Ⅰ,1 case of maple syrup urine disease and 1 cases of ketosis.Conclusions The method for the determination of organic acids in urine by GC/MS has been successfully established.It can be used for clinical screening and diagnosis for inherited genetic metabolic diseases.

Objective To discusses the efficacy and safety of patent ductus arteriosus sealing for low body weight children. Methods From January 2008 to June 2012 in our hospital,32 cases (male14 and female 18) of PDA babies< 8 kg weight were given transcatheter closure treatment. The enrolled PDA babies aged 6 month-18 months, average (11 ±5.5 months),weighted (7.2 ±0.6) kg,aortic imaging showed the narrowest diameter of PDA was 1 ~ 8 mm (4.6 ±1.7) mm,descending aorta imaging was performed immediately and 30 min after transcatheter closure treatment. Echocardiography and X-ray radiography examination were performed 1 d,1,3, 6 months after treatment. Results 30 cases got successful patent ductus arteriosus sealing,all the successful patients were treated with domestic closer,and 1 case was complicated with the descending aorta stenosis and ventricular septal defect, and was transferred to surgerical treatment. 1 case of PDA gave up patent ductus arteriosus sealing as descending aorta stenosis caused by the closer. 2 cases were found a trace-residual shunt immediately after patent ductus arteriosus sealing. No serious complications were found in all patients during the follow-up period. Conclusions Application of domestic closer in treatment of PDA infants < 8 kg is a safe, effective and simple intervention treatment method with little trauma and fast recovery.

Objective To study the effect of implanted stent or selected operation in patients with acute occlusion of right coronary artery during the emergency coronary arteriongraphy. Methods Forty-three patients with acute occlusion of right coronary artery who underwent the emergency coronary arteriongraphy were divided into two groups: the implanted stent group ( n = 23) during the emergency coronary arteriongraphy and the selected operation group (n =20) during the emergency coronary arteriongraphy . Then we observed the general data, the coronary artery pathological changes, preoperative and postoperative thrombus, the blood flow, remained stenosis and the prognosis. Results The implanted stent group was similar to the control group in general condition, but implanted stent group was significantly different from the control group in the near, intermediate and distal coronary artery pathological changes ( <0.05) . The control group was significantly different from the implanted stent group in the thrombus and slowly blood flow ( <0.05) . After three months, we reviewed coronary arteriongraphy and selected operation, The implanted stent group was significantly different from the control in the remained stenosis and slowly blood flow (<0.05) . But the implanted stent group was similar to the control groug in the thrombus and new proceeding cardiovascular events. Conclusion When thrombus appears in acute occlusion of right coronary artery, we can implant stent during the emergency coronary arteriongraphy if the thrombus is little, or we can select operation after PTCA on the contrary.

Objective To investigate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO),and their neuroprotective effects.Methods Sixty-two patients (49 patients were MS and 13 patients were NMO) and 21 controls were investigated in our studies.The disability severity in MS and NMO patients in their relapse period was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS).MRI scanning of brain,spinal cord or optic nerve was examined and the oligoclonal band in serum and CSF were detected.BDNF and GDNF concentrations in serum and CSF were assessed by Liquid Assay.Results There were no significant differences of BDNF (μg/L,5.616±0.650 in serum and 0.186±0.012 in CSF of MS patients;6.584±0.929 in serum and 0.176± 0.006 in CSF of NMO patients) and GDNF (μg/L,0.039 in serum and 0.080 in CSF of MS patients;0.029 in serum and 0.050 in CSF of NMO patients) concentrations in serum and CSF in patients with MS and NMO in relapse,compared with those in controls.There was a positive correlation between BDNF and GDNF concentrations in CSF (r=0.756,P=0.000),and a negative correlation between BDNF and GDNF concentrations in serum (r=-0.329,P=0.018).There were no correlations of BDNF and GDNF concentrations in serum and CSF with EDSS,blood brain barrier index,Delpech index and Tourtellotte synthesis rate.There were no significant differences of BDNF and GDNF concentration in serum and CSF between NMO/MS patients with and without atrophy.Conclusions The level of BDNF in patients with MS and NMO is correlated with that of GDNF,which may have a synergistic neurotrophic effect on MS and NMO.BDNF and GDNF are not associated with the blood-brain harrier destruction and lgG synthesis in central nervous system.However,associations of BDNF and GDNF with functional disability and neuron atrophy in NMO and MS patients still need further studies.