Laccase is one of the most important oxidoreductase with industrialization potential. However, due to the high cost and catalytic toxicity of laccase synthetic mediator, the laccase-mediator-system still cannot achieve industrialization. Therefore, searching for high efficient, environment-friendly, and cheap natural mediator from small molecule precursors or intermediates and degradation products of lignin has been considered as a hot research topic. Therefore, we introduce the type and catalytic mechanism of laccase mediator, the composition and separation of natural laccase mediator from water washed solution of steam exploded straw, black liquor and lignocelluloses degradation products during the fermentation of white-rot fungi. We also provide the theoretical and technical direction for exploring of high reactive of laccase natural mediators and achieving the oriented high-value utilization of lignocellulose degradation products.
Basidiomycota ; Fermentation ; Laccase ; chemistry ; Lignin ; chemistry ; Steam

Biomass is the most abundant organic macromolecules in nature, which is expected to achieve the brilliant of biorefinery equivalent to petroleum refining. However, it is considered as the future industry to human due to the complicated composition and transformation processes. The traditional lignocellulose bio-refining thoughts ignored the functional requirements of products, but spent a lot of energies to destruct macromolecule into small molecules, and then converted the small molecules into different products, which was high energy consumption and low atom economy. How to realize the biorefinery of lignocellulose is the key point and difficulty to achieve the biomass industry. An ideal biorefinery of lignocellulose should as far as possibly to obtain the maximum yield of each component, to maintain the integrity of the molecule, to optimize the utilization of raw materials and finally to realize the maximum value. Therefore, it requires the raw materials refining of lignocellosic biomass should be based on the relationship of structure, process transformation and related product characteristics. This special issue reports the latest advances in the fields of raw material refinery, refining technologies, conversion technologies of component.
Biomass ; Biotransformation ; Lignin ; chemistry

Objective To observe the clinical curative effect of skin-region drainage therapy combined with Sanpian Decoction in treating migraine.Methods A total of 90 cases of migraine patients were randomly divided into combination group and acupuncture group,45 cases in each group.The combination group was treated with skinregion drainage therapy combined with oral use of Sanpian Decoction,and the acupuncture group was treated with conventional acupuncture therapy.Seven days constituted one treatment course,and the clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated after 3 courses of treatment.Results (1) The total effective rate of the combination group and acupuncture group was 95.6％ and 82.2％ respectively,and there were significant differences between the two groups (P ＜ 0.05).(2) After treatment and 3 months after treatment suspension,the pain scores of the two groups were significantly decreased(P ＜ 0.01 compared with those before treatment),and the pain scores of the combination group were lower than those of the acupuncture group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The skin-region drainage therapy combined with Sanpian Decoction exerts certain effect in treating migraine.

Objective To observe the effects of auditory integration training on language development delay in mental retardation children.Methods 40 cases were devided into observation group (n=20) and control group (n=20). All the children accepted speech training,while the observation group accepted auditory integration training in addition. They were assessed with the development quotient (DQ) of adaptability and language of Gesell developmental schedules before and 6 months after treatment. Results DQ of adaptability and language improved after treatment in both groups (P<0.05), and improved more in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Auditory integration training may further improve the language development in mental retardation children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulating pattern of kidney-tonifying recipes and spleen-invigorating recipe on the expression of T lymphocyte apoptosis signaling-related genes in corticosterone-treated rats. METHODS: We analyzed the activation-induced T lymphocyte apoptpsis rate through TUNEL-labelled flow-cytometry assay, quantified the mRNA expression level of T cell apoptosis-regulating genes by using the fluoresecence real-time PCR, analyzed the activity of caspase-8 and caspase-3 by colorimetric assay. RESULTS: (1) T lymphocyte apoptosis rate of corticosterone-treated rats was higher than that of the normal control rats; T lymphocyte apoptosis rates of Youguiyin treated rats and Bushen Yishou Capsule treated rats were lower than that of the corticosterone-treated group; T lymphocyte apoptosis rate of Sijunzi Decoction treated rats displayed no significance compared with that of the corticosterone-treated group. (2) Pro-apoptotic genes such as Fas, FasL, TNFR1, and Bax displayed increased expression level in corticosterone-treated group compared with normal control group. Two kidney-tonifying recipes down-regruated the expression level of FasL and TNFR1, at the same time, both recipes up-regulated the expression level of Bcl-2. The spleen-invigorating recipe had up-regulating effect on the expression level of Bcl-2. And all these results had statistical significance. (3) The activities of caspase-8 and caspase-3 were increased in corticosterone-treated rats compared with normal control; both kidney-tonifying recipes had significant effect on decreasing the activities of these two apoptosis executioners. CONCLUSION: The excessive apoptosis of T cell in corticosterone-treated rats could be effectively modulated with two kidney-tonifying recipes. Down-regulating the expression of FasL and TNFR1 and up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 as well as decreasing the activities of caspase-8 and caspase-3 may be the unique regulating pattern of tonifying-kidney method with respect to T cell apoptosis related genes in corticosterone-treated rats.

Objective To discuss the clinical efficacy of point-injection with nerve growth factor (NGF) in treatment of infantile cerebral palsy.Methods According to the time order,50 cases with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into the treatment group(30 cases) and the control group (20 cases).Both groups were given the conventional treatment of Bobath mainly exercise therapy,homework therapy and the language therapy.In addition,the treatment group was given the treatment of point-injection with NGF.Gesell scale was used to evaluate all the patients before and after treatment.Results After treatment,the Gesell evaluation of the treatment group was higher than control group,and the difference was statistically significant (t =-2.096,-2.187,-2.048,-2.053,-2.225,all P ＜0.05).Conclusion On the basis of rehabilitation training,point-injection with NGF could improve intelligence,motor function and language in children with cerebral palsy,and the efficacy was obvious.

ObjiectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy of Chinese medicineShuxin-Huoxue decoction on coronary heart disease and angina pectoris.MethodsThis study was a randomized controlled trial. 86 patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris and conformed to the indusive criteria were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group, with 43 cases in each group. The control group was treated with conventional western medicine, the treatment group was treated with traditional Chinese medicineShuxin-Huoxue decoction. Serum homocysteine (Hcy) was measured by enzymatic cycling assay, high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured by immunotubidimetric assay and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI) were measured by color doppler echocardiography before and after treatment. The clinical effect of the two groups was evaluated.ResultsThe total effective rate of the treatment group and the control group was 90.7% (39/43) and 74.4% (32/43) respectively,there was significant difference (χ2=3.957,P=0.047). Followed up for 4 weeks, LVEF(65.7% ± 8.7% vs. 61.5% ± 8.4%,t=2.277), SV(86.9 ± 16.8 ml vs.79.2 ± 16.5 ml,t=2.144), CO(49.3 ± 9.1 ml/m2 vs. 44.7 ± 8.8 ml/m2,t=2.383), CI (3.7 ± 0.9 L/min?m2 vs. 3.3 ± 0.7 L/min?m2,t=2.301) of the treatment group were significantly improved after treatment than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the decrease of serum Hcy  (8.7± 3.7mmol/L vs. 11.4± 3.5mmol/L,t=3.476), hs-CRP (2.7± 1.1 mg/L vs. 3.5± 1.3 mg/L,t=3.081) level of the treatment group were better than those of the control group(P<0.01).ConclusionTraditional Chinese medicineShuxin-Huoxue decoction has good therapeutic effect on coronary heart disease and angina pectoris.

Objective To investigate the role of monoclonal antibody of insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ receptor (IGF-ⅠR) in the proliferation and apoptosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line CGTH W-3, and the effect of IGF-ⅠR monoclonal antibody on papillary thyroid carcinoma cells and normal follicular cells in primary culture. Methods MTT and TUNEL method were used to determine the proliferation and apoptosis of cells respectively after IGF-ⅠR monoclonal antibody intervention. Results The inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was enhanced with the increasing IGF-ⅠR monoclonal antibody concentration and duration of action. IGF-ⅠR monoclonal antibody induced apoptosis of CGTH W-3 cells remarkably even in the concentration of 50 nmol/L. Primary papillary thyroid carcinoma cells and normal follicular cells were inhibited by 100 nmol/L IGF-ⅠR monoclonal antibody, and the degree of inhibition was significantly higher in carcinoma cells than that in normal follicular cells (P

0.999 0, and RSDs were not more than 3.26%. The recovery rates were 94.12%-104.30% .The lowest detected concentration was 1.43 mg/L. There was no significant difference between the results of this method and Na2EDTA titration. Conclusion The method was rapid, accurate and highly sensitive.

0.05). Using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Log-rank test, statistic difference was found in patients with DNA diploid tumors and those with DNA aneuploid tumors (P